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. 2018 Dec 21;8:18038. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36061-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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emx1 expression within the pronephros is negatively regulated by RA signaling. (A) WISH panel (lateral view) of emx1 expression in 28 ss embryos treated with DMSO vehicle, all-trans RA, or DEAB. Blue boxes demarcate domains of emx1 expression in the pronephros. Scale bar = 100 μm. (B) Quantification of the emx1 expression domain in DMSO, RA, and DEAB treated embryos. (C) Quantification of phenotypes, categorized as increased, WT, decreased, or other, where the latter include those developmentally delayed or too dysmorphic to measure. (D) Summary of the emx1 expression domain in treatment groups. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. N.S. = not significant. Error bars represent standard error.