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. 2018 Dec 21;8:18038. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36061-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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emx1 deficiency results in increased irx3b, irx1a, and sim1a expression domains. (A) WISH (lateral view) of 28 ss WT and emx1 deficient embryos for irx3b (purple). (B) Quantification of irx3b domain length. (C) WISH (lateral view) of 28 ss WT and emx1 deficient embryos for irx1a (purple) and smyhc1 (red). (A,C) Blue boxes demarcate domains of pronephros expression. Scale bar = 100 μm. (D) Quantification of irx1a domain length. (E) WISH (dorsal view) of 28 ss WT and emx1 deficient embryos for sim1a (purple) and slc12a3 (red). Blue boxes demarcate a single CS territory while the contralateral side is unlabeled. Scale bar = 20 μm. (F,G) Quantification of sim1a⁺ cell number and size. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001; N.S. = not significant. Error bars represent standard error. (H) emx1 restricts formation of the DE by inhibiting expression of irx3b and irx1a, restricts the CS anlage by inhibiting sim1a expression, and promotes DL fate (slc12a3⁺) by regulating unknown targets.