Fig. 1.

Observed and predicted GPP changes by O₃. Results shown are the percentage changes in gross primary productivity (GPP) for six main plant functional types (PFTs). Red points on each panel represent results summarized from literature (Supplementary Data 1). The linear regression is denoted as a red solid line, with 95% confidence intervals shown as dashed lines. Blue points represent simulated GPP changes from offline sensitivity experiments (Methods), with error bars indicating the range of prediction from low to high O₃ damaging sensitivities. The slopes of observed (S_o, mean ± 95% confidence interval) and modeled (S_m, mean ± (high-low)/2 sensitivity) GPP–O₃ sensitivity is shown on each panel