Table 1.

Steps of Additive Manufacturing toward making heart/its parts.

S No	Steps	Description	Benefits	References
1	Image acquisition	•It is an important process/technique to create a visual representation of internal parts of the body that is hidden by skin such as bones, heart as well as diagnosis and treats disease •Used to analyse and visual representation of some tissue and organs •Most crucial step in the design process •Capture accurate and precise virtual heart model •MRI and CT are useful for image acquisition	•Useful for delineating extra-cardiac and intra-cardiac vascular anatomy	Gómez-Ciriza, et al.26, Giannopoulos et al.27, Ripley et al.28
2	Segmentation	•It is a process to change the representation of the image into meaningful that collectively cover the entire image •Used to create the 3D virtual model as per requirement •Generated the cardiac structure from a medical image	•Measure tissue volume •Study anatomical structure, intra-surgery navigation, surgical planning and virtual surgery simulation	Dankowski et al.29, Mosadegh et al.30
3	Computer-aided design	•CAD software develops a 3D virtual model, and the same is printed using AM technologies •Exported segmentation geometry into STL format which is used for printing of the 3D model by additive manufacturing technologies •Adjustment of layer thickness as per required strength	•Speed up for production of products/medical implants /tools	Hu et al.21, Haleem and Javaid31, Jacobs et al.32
4	Rapid prototyping (3D printing)	•Various technologies are used to create a 3D model with different type of tissue, living cells and biomaterials •Medical is a fastest growing area of AM and now also implemented in cardiology •A better way of enabling or manufacture the patient-specific device •Built working models/prototype in a short time that is used to test various ideas, design features, functionality and performance	•High flexibility of this technology is to quickly make changes without any requirement of additional tools or equipment •Fabricates a device to match patient's anatomy or very complicated internal structure	Schrot et al.33, Ngan et al.34, Birbara et al.35, Farooqi and Mahmood36, Javaid and Haleem37
5	Clinical translation	•Technology is incorporated in routine clinical practice to address clinical translation that successfully creates good collaboration between doctor and patient •Play a vital role towards the understanding of molecular mechanism of disease •Leads to a better understanding of disease and development of new treatment and tests	•Helps in treatment/diagnoses of the disease •Analyse the human sample and match the genetic information of the patient	Campbell and Weiss38, Hadeed et al.39