Table 2.

Criteria’s in using AM for the production of artificial heart/components.

S No	Criteria	Achievements	Limitation	References
1	Ease of design	•Design software plays a significant role in product design and development for the creation of design as per requirement •The design also creates from scanning devices such as CT, MRI and 3D scanners which help to generate a product in a lesser time	•Highly design skills are required	Cheng et al.42, Zhang and Joshi43, Olivier et al.44
2	Material	•Used to print various types of material such as plastic, powder, metal, composite, wood and allied materials. •By changing material, it creates the model as per required strength	•In some technologies of Additive manufacturing material changing options are limited	Cunico and Carvalho45, Fahad et al.46
3	Colour	•In cardiology, one can undertake a study on full-colour of 3D heart model before starting actual surgery •Through this one can also see the overall heart vane, the flow of blood and blockage in the heart •Colour-Jet 3D printer can easily print full-colour model, and full fill this required criteria	•Some technologies are monochrome	Chromy and Zalud47, Dahake et al.48
4	Efficiency	•AM improve sustainability aspects and resource efficiency •It improves the efficiency of material input processing, product and process design, and component manufacturing	•Affected by the quality of raw material that decreases the overall performance of the system	Gibson et al.49, Rengier et al.50, Salmi et al.51
5	Speed	•This technology has a fast-built-in speed option by changing the print orientation of the product. •Used to produce make-to-order models •Cardiologist require 3D printed model in very less time before operating the patient	•Processing speed seems sufficient during fabrication of a customised model but not suitable for mass production	Swann52, Tukuru et al.53, O'Malley et al.54, Schievano et al.55
6	Model Dimensions	•Print any shape and size product as per geometry of the implant •A sophisticated shape can also be manufactured efficiently	•Some technologies print standard dimension product depending upon the size of the built bed	Negi et al.56, Vaezi et al.57, Wang et al.58
7	Cost	•For a medical implant or model, AM successfully produces at a lower cost •Medical implant’s fabrication is easy as compared to another machining process as each medical data of each patient is different	•Only efficient for customisation	Yap et al.59; Zhang et al.60, Melchels et al.61, Tuomi et al.62
8	Accuracy	•Improve accuracy through changes in layer thickness and resolution in the 3D digital file •Changing in the specification of raw material affects the accuracy of the model because medical case accuracy is a significant factor	•Sometimes a product is not so accurately fabricated as compared to another machining process	Arrieta et al.63, Balazic and Kopac64, Mallepree and Bergers65, Kernan and Wimsatt66
9	Ease of use	•This technology comfortably captures a medical image and convert it into the 3D model •The model produced by AM technology is ease of use because no tooling and fixtures are required	•Required educated human resources for operating these machines	Chimento et al.67, Hieu et al.68, Salmi et al.69
10	Simulation before or after medication	•AM can assist towards advanced simulation in cardiology for healthcare solution •Simulation train doctors and give virtual reality for the surgeon to expect, predict the change after surgery and medication •It presents a critical/innovative way to communicate and interact	•Sometimes it is not reliable	Pandit et al.70, Chiumenti et al.71