Table 3.

Different types of applications of AM in the area of cardiology.

S No	Clinical Applications	Description	References
1	Aortic pathology	•For patient anatomy, 3D printed model is an accurate replica which is helpful in the planning of endovascular stenting in transverse arch hypoplasia, specifically in determining stent length, balloon size and optimal position •3D printed model has great potential to guide the delivery of the covered stent •Helpful in several diseases like under-treated and under-diagnosed which caused the wall enlargement of the aorta and localised weakness	Gosnell et al.72, Wolf et al.73
2	Atrial septal defect closure	•The atrial septal defect is the hole in the valve which separates the upper chambers of the heart, from left to right side of the heart hole causes oxygen-rich blood to leak •AM has the potential to develop new medical devices for preclinical and it closure the atrial septal defect	Mathur et al.74; Perez-Arjona75
3	Stent angioplasty in pulmonary venous baffle obstruction	•For the planning of the interventional procedure, 3D models are utilised and trialled 3D model in advance •Helpful for planning and selection of the appropriate device •3D printed model guide to open blocked or narrowed blood vessel that supply to the heart	Gosnell et al.72; Shiraishi et al.76, Dickinson et al.77
4	Percutaneous mitral annuloplasty	•Used for development of treat mitral regurgitation and effective role of cardiac surgery for mitral valve repair •It prints patient replica and carries out percutaneous mitral annuloplasty procedure •Improved the success of intervention such as guide catheter that requires additional torque •3D model is suitably used to treat valvular heart disease and followed applications in mitral and aortic valves	Sodian et al.78, Noecker et al.79, Pellegrino et al.80
5	Pulmonary valve implantation	•For pulmonary valve implantation, 3D models have the right pulmonary artery and ventricular outflow tract •Appropriately used for patients with pulmonary valve implantation •Potential to aid in the design of future devices used during heart surgery	Kim et al.81, Sodian et al.82
6	Transcatheter aortic valve implantation	•Used for preoperative planning of transcatheter valve replacement of patient and know the exact position of the critical structures which reduce the perioperative risk •This technology is used for repairs the valve without removing the damaged/old valve	Otton et al.83, Kiraly et al.84
7	Structural interventional cardiology training	•Used for interventional cardiology that is efficiently applicable for congenital heart disease •Its potential applications are to fellow training and its revalidation •Helpful during the integrative treatment of a patient for structural heart disease, atherosclerosis and heart valve disease •It provides patients with the highest quality of care and achieves successful outcomes for patients	Farooqi et al.85, Costello et al.15
8	Teaching tools	•Creates models for anatomic teachings like the plastic heart models and healthcare professionals •Artificial 3D heart model conveys a complex anatomic arrangement depicting patient-specific anatomic pathology •Used for the education of medical professionals such as understanding the relationship of normal and abnormal structure	Torres et al.86, Javaid and Haleem87
9	Procedural planning	•3D printed heart model provides a comprehensive understanding and evaluates various congenital heart conditions •It includes interventional preoperative planning and simulations •Use sterilised models during surgical procedures and pre-procedural planning of specific patient	Jacobs et al.32, Shiraishi et al.88, Schmauss et al.89
10	Functional flow models	•Quickly create a 3 D model of patient-specific like aortic valvenology •Functional evaluation performance of the model can be checked under various vitro flow condition because the area of the aortic valve is not in fixed value, there is variation in valve orifice area of some patient due to the increase of flow volume •Functional model can provide controlled testing of flow under pre-specified conditions	Sacks et al.20, Vukicevic et al.23
11	Device innovation	•It can easily redesign new structural heart repair devices/ tools/devices •Creating 3D models with innovation in material, software and the hardware •Technology can give impetus towards innovation of surgical devices/instruments •Used for product development, research and development, design validation, planning, regulatory filings, intellectual property assessment and clinical trials	Lazkani et al.90, Green et al.91, Olivieri et al.92
12	Treatment of arrhythmia	•3D imaging and printing help cardiologists for a better understanding of arrhythmias •The risk is involved in the treatment of arrhythmia because everyone's heart anatomy is different •AM is the perfect technique for this treatment by taking data from CT and MRI scan and print a 3D model	Miller93, Farooqi et al.36