Table 1.
Bee numbers in relation to clothianidin seed treatment
| Response | Model | Predictor | Estimate (number) | Estimate (%)a | χ 2 1 | P-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bees (adults + cocoons) | LMMc | Treatment | −234.4 | −40.8 | 11.05 | <0.001 |
| Adult workers | LMMc | Treatment | −24.4 | −12.5 | 0.04 | 0.526 |
| Queens (adults + cocoons) | GLMMd | Treatment | −71.1 | −73.5 | 17.52 | <0.001 |
| Adult males | GLMMd | Treatment | −32.8 | −65.7 | 17.63 | <0.001 |
aEffect sizes in % were calculated in reference to the control group
bP-values were calculated by likelihood ratio tests with 1 degree of freedom and P < 0.05 is highlighted in bold
cLinear mixed-effects models (LMM; with normal error distribution)
dGeneralized linear mixed-effects models (GLMM; with negative binomial error distribution and log link)