Table 1.

Usefulness of clinical symptom for indicating diagnosis of malignancy of breast disease

Clinical Symptoms	Frequency	Sensitivity %	95% CI*	Specificity %	95% CI*	+PV	−PV
Pain	77	71.2	56.9–82.9	52.9	38.5–67.1	60.7	64.3
Mass	42	90.4	79.0–96.8	41.2	27.6–55.8	61.0	80.8
Bloody nipple discharge	8	98.1	89.7–99.7	13.7	5.7–26.3	53.7	87.5
Ulceration	3	5.8	1.3–16.0	100	92.8–100	100	50.5

+PV^*: positive predictive value − PV^*: negative predictive value CI^*: Confidence Interval