Table 1.

Overview of characteristics of included studies in this review

	Authors (year)	Geography	Sample year	Cases	Controls	Assessment methods	Number of measurement levels*				NOS score†
							Dich.	Nom.	Ord.	Cont.
1	Cannon and colleagues9	USA	1995–1997	353	3 894 874	Record documentation	1		2		4
2	Ceccanti and colleagues40	Italy	2014	39	108	Interview	1			6	9
3	Coyne and colleagues41	Australia	1994–2006	54	56	Self-report			2		5
4	Davies and colleagues42	South Africa	2002–2003	39	36	Interview		1			6
5	May and colleagues43	South Africa		46	42	Interview			4		6
6	May and colleagues44	South Africa	1999–2001	53	116	Interview			4		7
7	May and colleagues45	South Africa		61	133	Interview	5				7
8	May and colleagues46	South Africa	2002	49 FAS, 15 pFAS	133	Interview	1		4	7	6
9	May and colleagues47	Italy	2011	8 FAS, 34 pFAS, 30 FASD	122	Interview	4				9
10	May and colleagues48	South Africa	2013	63 FAS, 48 pFAS, 32 ARND	81	Interview	4				7
11	May and colleagues49	South Africa	2013	68 FAS, 52 pFAS, 35 ARND	90	Interview	7			1	7
12	May and colleagues50	USA	2010–2011	30	80	Interview	2			4	7
13	May and colleagues28	South Africa		43	85	Interview	5				7
14	May and colleagues51	South Africa	2011	118 FAS, 91 pFAS, 55 ARND	100	Interview	11			8	7
15	Miller and colleagues52	USA	1992–1994	22	2 14 499	Unknown			1		7
16	O’Leary and colleagues53	Australia	1995–1997			Self-report			3		6
17	Petković and Barišić54	Croatia		55	769	Self-report		5			7
18	Suttie and colleagues55	South Africa	2013	22 FAS, 26 pFAS	69	Interview				3	5
19	Urban and colleagues56	South Africa	2001–2004	82	74	Interview	1				6
20	Viljoen and colleagues57	South Africa	2001	31	31	Interview			4		6
21	Viljoen and colleagues58	South Africa	2005	53	116	Interview	5				7

*Measurements of maternal alcohol drinking behaviour are categorised in three different levels: dichotomous (‘Dich.’, eg, yes/no), nominal (‘Nom.’, eg, admitted, negative and unanswered), ordinal (‘Ord.’, eg, <4 drinks and >4 drinks), continuous (‘Cont.’, eg, %). The measures represent the different questions asked for each category (eg, ‘drank during the first trimester of pregnancy’).

†Each study was assessed using the adapted version of the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). Scores were allocated from a scale from 0 (poor quality) to a maximum of 10 stars (excellent quality). For more detailed information, see resource 5.

ARND, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder; FAS, fetal alcohol syndrome; FASD, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders; PFAS, partial fetal alcohol syndrome.