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. 2018 Dec 18;8(12):e022659. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022659

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2018. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Combined measurement and structural models for functioning and (A) neurocognition, (B) core clinical symptoms and (C) alcohol and substance use. All unidirectional (correlation) and directional (regression) paths are significant at p<0.001 (except path between substance use and functional outcome; where p<0.05) Factor loadings for (A) neurocognition (all p values <0.001): IQ (0.58), trails A (−0.51), trails B (−0.55), Rey total (0.69), Rey delay (0.59), FAS (0.57), animals (0.51). Factor loadings for (C) substance use (all p values <0.001): tobacco (0.81), cannabis (0.64), other (0.68).