Table 3.
Parameter estimates for each of the fixed effects retained in the best linear mixed models to test whether species (gray wolf and brown bear), bear reproductive status, time of the day, and or interactions among these variables could explain differences in the centered marginality values obtained on each axis of the K‐select, based on AIC model comparison (Table 2)
| (A) Late‐winter period | (B) Spring period | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta | SE | LCI | UCI | Beta | SE | LCI | UCI | ||
| Axis 1 | Axis 1 | ||||||||
| Intercept[Link] | 0.51 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.71 | Intercept[Link] | −0.86 | 0.16 | −1.19 | −0.54 |
| Night | −0.15 | 0.05 | −0.26 | −0.04 | Wolf_night | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.56 |
| Bear_FWC_day | 0.57 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.94 | |||||
| Axis 2 | Bear_FWC_night | 0.74 | 0.19 | 0.37 | 1.11 | ||||
| Intercept[Link] | 0.64 | 0.28 | 0.07 | 1.21 | Bear_M_day | 0.28 | 0.18 | −0.08 | 0.64 |
| Bear_FWC | −0.58 | 0.37 | −1.32 | 0.17 | Bear_M_night | 0.50 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.86 |
| Bear_M | −0.36 | 0.32 | −0.99 | 0.28 | Bear_SF_day | 0.34 | 0.18 | −0.02 | 0.69 |
| Bear_SF | −0.38 | 0.32 | −1.03 | 0.27 | Bear_SF_night | 0.55 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.91 |
| Bear_Sub | −1.20 | 0.32 | −1.85 | −0.56 | Bear_Sub_day | 0.59 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.95 |
| Axis 3 | Bear_Sub_night | 0.76 | 0.18 | 0.40 | 1.12 | ||||
| Intercept[Link] | −0.05 | 0.37 | −0.79 | 0.69 | |||||
| Bear_FWC | 0.32 | 0.47 | −0.64 | 1.28 | Axis 2 | ||||
| Bear_M | 0.40 | 0.40 | −0.40 | 1.21 | Intercept[Link] | −0.10 | 0.04 | −0.17 | −0.02 |
| Bear_SF | 0.11 | 0.41 | −0.70 | 0.93 | Night | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.14 |
| Bear_Sub | −0.36 | 0.40 | −1.17 | 0.44 | |||||
| Axis 3 | |||||||||
| Axis 4 | Intercept[Link] | −0.10 | 0.04 | −0.17 | −0.02 | ||||
| Intercept | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.52 | Night | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.14 |
| Axis 5 | Axis 4 | ||||||||
| Intercept | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.27 | Intercept[Link] | 0.00 | 0.04 | −0.07 | 0.08 |
| Night | −0.10 | 0.03 | −0.15 | −0.05 | |||||
| Axis 6 | |||||||||
| Intercept | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.19 | Axis 5 | ||||
| Intercept[Link] | 0.00 | 0.03 | −0.06 | 0.06 | |||||
| Night | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.10 | |||||
| Axis 6 | |||||||||
| Intercept | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.08 | 0.02 | |||||
Estimates are presented for each study period, (A) late‐winter: 1 March‐30 April; and (B) spring: 1 May‐30 June. Beta estimates, standard error (SE), and lower (LCI) and upper (UCI) 95% confidence intervals are presented.
FWC: female brown bears with cubs; M: adult male bear; S: subadult bears; SF: single female bear.
Day,
Wolf_day and
Wolf are the respective categorical reference on the intercept.