Fecundity of males with gene knockdown and phenotype of eggs produced. Fourth-instar nymphs were treated with dsRNAs targeting each designed gene. At 3 days after adult eclosion, dsRNA-treated males were allowed to mate with wild-type females. (a) Number of eggs produced in paired mate assay. Wild-type females were mated with males that were previously treated with either dsGfp (n = 17), dsNlHdac1 (n = 17), dsNlHdac3 (n = 18), dsNlHdac4 (n = 17) or dsNlHdac11 (n = 18). Each circle represents eggs produced by an individual female. Bar represents mean ± s.e.m. Statistical comparisons between two groups were performed using two-tailed Student's t-test (**p < 0.01). (b) Morphology of eggs deposited in paired mate assay. The eye pigmentation is indicated by arrow heads. (c) An unfertilized egg was deposited by a virgin wild-type female, which showed no eye pigmentation across the egg stage, and never hatched. wt, wild-type.