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. 2018 Dec 21;11:142. doi: 10.1186/s13045-018-0684-3

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Principles of immunoediting and immunotherapy of cancer. a The 3Es model of cancer immunoediting is schematically shown, along with examples of the immune response and the trade-offs in each phase. b The 3Rs model of cancer immunotherapy divides treatment modalities into three distinct mode of actions: to reverse, rejuvenate, and restore anti-cancer immunity