Table 2.

Guidelines on fluid management and resuscitation

Guideline title	Authors, year	Recommendations	Grade
Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016	Rhodes A. et al. 2017 [2]	We recommend that a fluid challenge technique be applied where fluid administration is continued as long as hemodynamic factors continue to improve	Best practice statement
		We recommend crystalloids as the fluid of choice for initial resuscitation and subsequent intravascular volume replacement in patients with sepsis and septic shock	1B
		We suggest using either balanced crystalloids or saline for fluid resuscitation of patients with sepsis or septic shock	2C
		We suggest using albumin in addition to crystalloids for initial resuscitation and subsequent intravascular volume replacement in patients with sepsis and septic shock when patients require substantial amounts of crystalloids.	2C
		We recommend against using hydroxyethyl starches (HESs) for intravascular volume replacement in patients with sepsis or septic shock	1A
		We suggest using crystalloids over gelatins when resuscitating patients with sepsis or septic shock	2C
The clinical practice guideline for the management of ARDS in Japan	Hashimoto et al. 2017 [64]	We suggest fluid restriction in the management of adult patients with ARDS.	2B Weak recommendation Moderate quality evidence
Scandinavian clinical practice guidelines in fluid and drug therapy in adults with acure respiratory distress syndrome	Claesson et al. 2016 [65]	We suggest fluid restriction over a liberal fluid strategy in adults with ARDS	Weak recommendation Moderate quality evidence
European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma	Rossaint et al., 2016 [88]	We recommend that fluid therapy using isotonic crystalloid solutions be initiated in the hypotensive bleeding trauma patient	1A
		We suggest that excessive use of 0.9% NaCl solution be avoided	2C
		We recommend that hypotonic solutions such as Ringer’s lactate be avoided in patients with severe head trauma	1C
		We suggest the use of colloids be restricted due to the adverse effects on haemostasis	2C
AKI in the perioperative period & in ICU: french expert recommendations	Ichai C et al. 2016 [111]	We recommend not administering hydroxyethylstarch (HES) in the ICU. STRONG agreement	1B
		We suggest the preferential use of crystralloid instead of colloid for fluid loading. STRONG agreement	2A
		We suggest preferring balanced solutions in case of large volume loading. STRONG agreement	2A
		After hemodynamic stabilisation, we suggest avoiding fluid overload in the ICU. STRONG agreement	2A

The table also reports the strenght of recomemantions and GRADE