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. 2018 Dec 19;11:81–93. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S171200

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© 2019 Peng et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Hypothesized model for the induction of Cd on Wnt/β-catenin signaling and malignant progression in NPC cells.

Notes: Chronic low-dose Cd treatment of NPC cells induces CK1α promoter hypermethylation that downregulates CK1α expression, leading to accumulation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin thereby activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling to promote malignancy.

Abbreviations: APC, adenomatous polyposis coli; CK1α, casein kinase α; EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β; NPC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma; TCF/LEF, T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor; β-Trcp, β-transducin repeats-containing proteins.