Figure 3.

Coefficients (β) of NHBD for male (black dots) and female (red dots) grey wolves in Scandinavia (1998–2012). Values > 0 represent selection and values < 0 represent avoidance of habitat characteristics similar to the natal ones when establishing. Vertical segments link female and males coefficients for a specific buffer size for a better visual interpretation of sex differences. Parameters were estimated from the conditional logistic regressions for short, medium and long dispersers. Availability was defined by using different buffer sizes. Habitat similarity was defined by using K-means with a 6-cluster division (see electronic supplementary material, figure A9; appendix 4 for results with the different methods of defining habitat similarity).