Table 2.
Study designs and paradigms for all 79 studies reviewed.
| Reference | Sample size | Grade level | Country/region | Type of study | Cross-sectional | Measurement for attribution | Dimensions of attributions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Algozzine and Stoller, 1981 | 46 teachers | Special education | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 2. Andreou and Rapti, 2010 | 249 teachers | Elementary | Greece | Survey | Yes | Mavropoulou and Padeliadu, 2002 | Student misbehaviors |
| 3. Arbeau and Coplan, 2007 | 202 teachers | Kindergarten | Canada | Survey | Yes | Hastings and Coplan, 1999; Coplan et al., 2002 | Student misbehaviors |
| 4. Arcia et al., 2000 | 21 teachers | Elementary | United States | Interview | No (two interviews) | Semi-structured interviews | Student misbehaviors |
| 5. Bar-Tal and Guttmann, 1981 | 8 teachers, 69 pupils, and 69 parents | Elementary | Israel | Survey | Yes | Questionnaire adapted from Bar-Tal and Darom (1979) | Academic performance |
| 6. Beckman, 1976 | 9 teachers and 49 parents | Elementary | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 7. Bertrand and Marsh, 2015 | 19 teachers | Elementary and secondary | United States | Interview, survey | No (three interviews) | Semi-structured interviews and self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 8. Bibou-Nakou et al., 1999 | 200 teachers | Elementary | Greece | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Student misbehaviors |
| 9. Bibou-Nakou et al., 2000 | 200 teachers | Elementary | Greece | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Student misbehaviors |
| 10. Brady and Woolfson, 2008 | 118 teachers | Elementary | United Kingdom | Survey | Yes | Woolfson et al., 2007 | Academic performance |
| 11. Burger et al., 1982 | 17 teachers | Elementary | United States | Survey | No (three time points) | Cooper and Burger, 1980 | Academic performance |
| 12. Butler, 1994 | 60 teachers (Study 1) | Elementary | Israel | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 13. Christenson et al., 1983 | 105 teachers | Elementary | United States | Survey | No (each referral occurrence) | Self-developed questionnaire | Student misbehaviors |
| 14. Clark, 1997 | 97 teachers | Elementary | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 15. Conway, 1989 | 5 teachers | Not specified | United Kingdom | Content analysis | Yes | Students’ end-of-year reports | Academic performance |
| 16. Cooper and Burger, 1980 | 39 teachers (Study 1) | Elementary, secondary, and special education | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 17. Cooper and Lowe, 1977 | 8 teachers (Study 2) | Elementary | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 18. Cothran et al., 2009 | 23 teachers and 182 student | Secondary | United States | Interview | Yes | Patton, 2002 | Student misbehaviors |
| 19. Ding et al., 2010 | 244 teachers | Elementary and secondary | China | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Student misbehaviors |
| 20. Emmerich et al., 2006 | 1,792 teachers | Elementary and secondary | United States | Survey | Yes | Emmerich et al., 2004 | Academic performance |
| 21. Espinoza et al., 2014 | 64 teachers | Secondary | United States | Experiment | No (four phases) | Self-designed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 22. Fennema et al., 1990 | 38 teachers | Elementary | United States | Interview and survey | Yes | Structured interview and adapted questionnaire from Broverman et al. (1970) | Academic performance |
| 23. Georgiou, 2008 | 154 teachers and 159 student teachers | Elementary | Cyprus | Survey | Yes | Georgiou et al., 2002b | Academic performance |
| 24. Georgiou et al., 2002a | 277 teachers | Elementary | Cyprus | Survey | Yes | Scale adapted from O’Sullivan and Howe (1996) | Academic performance |
| 25. Gibbs and Gardiner, 2008 | 455 teachers | Elementary and secondary | England and Ireland | Survey | Yes | Scale adapted from Miller et al. (2000, 2002) | Student misbehaviors |
| 26. Gosling, 1994 | 160 teachers | Secondary | France | Experiment | Yes | Self-developed questionnaires | Academic performance |
| 27. Graham, 1984a | 2 teacher experimenters and 176 students | Elementary | United States | Experiment | Yes | Self-developed questions | Academic performance |
| 28. Guskey, 1982 | 184 teachers | Elementary and secondary | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 29. Guttmann, 1982 | 28 teachers, 107 mothers, and 220 students | Elementary | Israel | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Student misbehaviors |
| 30. Hall et al., 1989 | 214 teachers | Elementary and secondary | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 31. Ho, 2004 | 473 teachers | Secondary | Australia and Hong Kong | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Student misbehaviors |
| 32. Hughes et al., 1993 | 55 teachers | Elementary | United States | Survey and Interview | Yes | Medway, 1979 | Student misbehaviors |
| 33. Hui, 2001 | 214 teachers and 2,045 students | Secondary | Hong Kong | Survey | Yes | Hui, 2001, 1997 Unpublished | Student misbehaviors |
| 34. Jackson, 2002 | 64 teachers, 3 school administrators, and 6 professionals | Elementary | United States | Content analysis | Yes | School referral forms | Student misbehaviors |
| 35. Jager and Denessen, 2015 | 64 teachers | Secondary | Netherlands | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 36. Juvonen, 1988 | 4 teachers and 84 students | Elementary | Finland | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 37. Kauppi and Porhola, 2012 | 215 teachers | Elementary and secondary | Finland | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Student misbehaviors |
| 38. Klassen and Lynch, 2007 | 7 teachers and 28 students | Secondary, special education | Canada | Interview | Yes | Semi-structured questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 39. Kleftaras and Didaskalou, 2006 | 35 teachers and 323 students | Elementary | Greece | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Student misbehaviors |
| 40. Kulinna, 2007 | 199 teachers | Elementary and secondary | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Student misbehaviors |
| 41. Kurtz et al., 1990 | 102 teachers | Elementary | Germany and United States | Survey | Yes | Questionnaire adapted from Carr et al. (1989) | Academic performance |
| 42. Matteucci, 2007 | Study 1: 122 teachers; Study 2: 202 teachers | Secondary | Italy | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire extended upon and adapted from Reyna and Weiner (2001) | Academic performance |
| 43. Matteucci and Gosling, 2004 | Study 1: 115 teachers; Study 2: 118 teachers | Secondary | Study 1: Italy; Study2: Italy and France | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 44. Matteucci et al., 2008b | 126 teachers | Elementary | Italy | Survey | Yes | Questionnaire adapted from Dubois and Le Poultier (1991) | Academic performance |
| 45. Mavropoulou and Padeliadu, 2002 | 305 teachers | Elementary | Greece | Survey | Yes | Questionnaire adapted from Soodak and Podell (1994) | Student misbehaviors |
| 46. McAuliffe et al., 2009 | 12 teachers and 127 students | Elementary | United States | Classroom observation, survey | Yes | Johnston et al., 2000 | Student misbehaviors |
| 47. McCormick, 1997 | 487 teachers | Elementary and secondary | Australia | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Occupational stress |
| 48. McCormick and Shi, 1999 | 687 teachers | Elementary and secondary | Australia and China | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Occupational stress |
| 49. McCormick and Solman, 1992a | 387 teachers | Elementary and secondary | Australia | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Occupational stress |
| 50. McCormick and Solman, 1992b | 111 teachers | Elementary and secondary | Australia | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Occupational stress |
| 51. Medway, 1979 | Study 1: 30 teachers; Study 2: 24 teachers | Study 1: Elementary and secondary; Study 2: Elementary | United States | Study 1: Interview; Study 2: Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Student learning and behaviors |
| 52. Miller, 1995 | 24 teachers | Elementary | United Kingdom | Interview | Yes | Structured interview | Student misbehaviors |
| 53. Natale et al., 2009 | 16 teachers and 69 students | Kindergarten | Finland | Survey | No (two assessments) | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 54. Pirrone, 2012 | 370 teachers | Elementary | Italy | Survey | Yes | Questionnaire adapted from Rousvoal (1987) | Academic performance |
| 55. Poulou and Norwich, 2000 | 391 teachers | Elementary | Greece | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Student misbehaviors |
| 56. Prawat et al., 1983 | 58 teachers | Elementary | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 57. Rejeski and McCook, 1980 | 40 teachers | Elementary | United States | Survey | Yes | Questionnaire adapted from Lowe et al. (1978) | Academic performance |
| 58. Reyna and Weiner, 2001 | 40 teachers (Study 2) | Secondary | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 59. Riley and Ungerleider, 2012 | 21 teachers | Secondary | Canada | Interview | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 60. Rodriquez and Tollefson, 1987 | 155 teachers | Elementary | Costa Rica | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 61. Rolison and Medway, 1985 | 180 teachers | Elementary | United States | Experiment | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 62. Ross et al., 1974 | 32 teachers and 32 students | Elementary and secondary | United States | Experiment | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 63. Savina et al., 2014 | 80 teachers, 30 psychologists, and 99 parents | Elementary | Russia | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Student misbehaviors |
| 64. Soodak and Podell, 1994 | 110 teachers | Elementary | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Student learning and misbehaviors |
| 65. Tõeväli and Kikas, 2016 | 53 teachers and 760 students | Elementary | Estonia | Survey | No (two assessments) | Questionnaire adapted from Natale et al. (2009) and Upadyaya et al. (2012) | Academic performance |
| 66. Tollefson and Chen, 1988 | 161 teachers | Elementary and secondary | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 67. Tollefson et al., 1991 | 97 teachers | Elementary and secondary | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 68. Tollefson et al., 1990 | 44 teachers | Elementary, secondary, and post-secondary | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 69. Tom and Cooper, 1986 | 25 teachers | Elementary | United States | Survey | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 70. Upadyaya et al., 2012 | 16 teachers and 69 students | Kindergarten | Finland | Survey | No (two assessments for students, two assessments for teachers) | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 71. Vernberg and Medway, 1981 | 30 teachers and 30 parents | Elementary | United States | Interview | Yes | Self-developed interview questions | Student misbehaviors |
| 72. Vlachou et al., 2014 | 265 teachers | Elementary | Greece | Survey | Yes | Clark, 1997 | Academic performance |
| 73. Wang et al., 2015 | 523 teachers | Elementary and Secondary | Canada | Survey | Yes | McAuley et al., 1992 | Occupational stress |
| 74. Wiley and Eskilson, 1978 | 126 teachers | Elementary | United States | Experiment | Yes | Self-developed questionnaire | Academic performance |
| 75. Wissink and de Haan, 2013 | 5 teacher and 54 parents/caregivers | Elementary | Netherlands | Content analysis | Yes | Conversations between teachers and parents; Graham, 1991 | Academic performance |
| 76. Woodcock and Jiang, 2013 | 103 teachers | Elementary and secondary | China | Survey | Yes | Questionnaire adapted from Clark (1997) and Woodcock and Vialle (2011) | Academic performance |
| 77. Woolfson and Brady, 2009 | 99 teachers | Elementary | United Kingdom | Survey | Yes | Questionnaire adapted from Clark (1997) | Academic performance |
| 78. Woolfson et al., 2007 | 199 teachers | Elementary | United Kingdom | Survey | Yes | Brady and Woolfson, 2008 | Academic performance |
| 79. Yehudah, 2002 | 51 teachers and 51 students | Secondary | Nigeria | Survey | Yes | Students’ oral essays followed by self-developed questions | Academic performance |