Table 4.
Presence of urinary biomarkers of organophosphate pesticides exposure, by study group.
| Groups | Urinary biomarkers | Detection (%) |
Mean ±SD | Geometric mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonfarm workers | DMP | 5.3 | 19.5±22.1 | 11.67 |
| DMTP | 36.8 | 3.39±3.99 a | 1.8 | |
| DMDTP | 10.5 | 0.59±0.40 | 0.48 | |
| DEP | 97.4 | 2.23±1.89 c,d | 1.41 | |
| DETP | 92.1 | 1.89±2.51 | 1.08 | |
| DEDTP | 34.2 | 1.02±1.73 g | 0.63 | |
| ∑DMs | 39.5 | 5.92±8.92 h,i | 2.76 | |
| ∑DEs | 100 | 4.26±4.05 | 3.04 | |
| ∑DAPs | 100 | 6.61±7.56 | 4.19 | |
|
| ||||
| Rice grower | DMP | 15.8 | 16.1±9.82 | 12.3 |
| DMTP | 15.8 | 9.16±14.7 | 2.87 | |
| DMDTP | 7.9 | 3.24±5.32 | 0.64 | |
| DEP | 94.7 | 3.84±4.14 c | 2.53 | |
| DETP | 97.4 | 1.82±1.99 e | 1.23 | |
| DEDTP | 31.6 | 0.71±0.64 | 0.53 | |
| ∑DMs | 28.9 | 14.7±14.4 h | 8.2 | |
| ∑DEs | 100 | 5.64±5.29 | 3.91 | |
| ∑DAPs | 100 | 9.89±12.1 | 5.51 | |
|
| ||||
| Longan grower | DMP | 13.3 | 9.68±5.22 | 8.65 |
| DMTP | 16.7 | 1.44±0.72, b | 1.32 | |
| DMDTP | 0.0 | |||
| DEP | 93.3 | 7.74±11.5, d | 3.38 | |
| DETP | 83.3 | 2.46±3.35, f | 1.5 | |
| DEDTP | 23.3 | 1.53±3.19 | 0.5 | |
| ∑DMs | 26.7 | 5.74±6.43, j | 3.16 | |
| ∑DEs | 96.7 | 9.96±13.4, k | 4.93 | |
| ∑DAP | 96.7 | 11.5±13.3, s | 6.14 | |
|
| ||||
| Vegetable grower | DMP | 11.8 | 9.38±4.78 | 8.74 |
| DMTP | 11.8 | 24.8±2.68, a,b | 24.7 | |
| DMDTP | 5.9 | 0.61± | 0.61 | |
| DEP | 88.2 | 2.18±1.16 | 1.91 | |
| DETP | 76.5 | 0.82±0.67, e,f | 0.62 | |
| DEDTP | 11.8 | 0.22±0.10, g | 0.2 | |
| ∑DMs | 23.5 | 17.2±9.55, I,j | 14.8 | |
| ∑DEs | 94.1 | 2.73±1.72, k | 2.24 | |
| ∑DAPs | 94.1 | 7.03±8.99 | 4.91 | |
∗ Values followed by the same letters (a-k) in the same column are significantly different at p<0.05 by ANOVA after a log-normal transformation, GM: geometric mean, LOD: limit of detection, DMP: dimethyl phosphate, DMTP: dimethyl thiophosphate, DMDTP: dimethyl dithiophosphate, DEP: diethyl phosphate, DETP: diethyl thiophosphate, DEDTP: diethyl dithiophosphate, and 3-PBA: 3-phenoxybenzoic acid.