Table 5.
Urinary biomarkers of synthetic pyrethroid (3-phenoxybenzoic acid: 3-PBA) and glyphosate exposure, by study group.
| Groups of subjects | 3-PBA | Glyphosate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonfarm worker | Detection (%) | 36.8 | - | |
| Mean ±SD (ng/ml) | 20.3±12.9 a | <LOD | ||
| GM (ng/ml) | 16.7 | <LOD | ||
|
| ||||
| Grower groups | Rice | Detection (%) | 44.7 | 10.5 |
| Mean ±SD (ng/ml) | 40.9±45.6 b,c | 2.01±0.81 | ||
| GM (ng/ml) | 27.52 | 1.89 | ||
| Longan | Detection (%) | 30 | 30 | |
| Mean ±SD (ng/ml) | 43.8±42.4 d | 2.88±1.46 | ||
| GM, (ng/ml) | 29.8 | 2.55 | ||
| Vegetable | Detection (%) | 11.8 | 23.5 | |
| Mean ±SD (ng/ml) | 4.03±3.28 a,b,c,d | 3.11±1.15 | ||
| GM, (ng/ml) | 3.29 | 2.92 | ||
∗ Values followed by the same letters (a, b, c, and d) in the same column are significantly different at p<0.05 by ANOVA after a log-normal transformation, GM: geometric mean, LOD: limit of detection.