Table 4.

Relationship between individual auto-antibodies and MRI-brain lesions in 325 SLE patients

		Ischemic changesa
	WMH	Lacunar infarcts				Large vessel infarcts	CMBs	Gliosis	Inflammatory-like changes	Atrophyb
	Fazekasc	White matter	Basal ganglia	Thalamus	Cerebellum
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
aCL IgG	0.89 (0.31–2.61)	0.84 (0.32–2.52)	0.70 (0.15–3.14)	8.75 (1.24–62.09)*	1.34 (0.50–3.61)	2.20 (0.50–9.82)	1.11 (0.31–3.95)	2.71 (1.05–7.02)*	1.16 (0.34–4.00)	1.05 (0.40–2.72)
aCL IgM	0.54 (0.13–2.35)	0.38 (0.08–1.79)	1.02 (0.17–5.94)	5.46 (0.79–37.92)	0.94 (0.26–3.37)	5.31 (0.93–30.32)	0.61 (0.10–3.57)	2.01 (0.62–6.51)	1.72 (0.40–7.38)	0.91 (0.28–2.94)
LA	1.64 (0.64–4.22)	3.38 (1.32–8.68)*	0.68 (0.18–2.51)	1.24 (0.19–8.12)	1.87 (0.75–4.69)	1.04 (0.23–4.70)	2.03 (0.59–6.97)	1.98 (0.75–5.24)	1.62 (0.51–5.12)	2.49 (1.01–6.15)*
Anti-dsDNA	0.77 (0.37–1.63)	0.62 (0.27–1.44)	1.29 (0.45–3.68)	0.42 (0.08–2.20)	1.31 (0.57–2.99)	0.34 (0.08–1.37)	0.95 (0.29–3.13)	1.08 (0.45–2.62)	1.09 (0.37–3.22)	0.50 (0.23–1.11)
Anti-SSA/Ro52	1.09 (0.47–2.55)	0.91 (0.37–2.23)	2.50 (0.76–8.25)	0.12 (0.01–1.76)	1.14 (0.46–2.97)	0.35 (0.06–1.99)	1.59 (0.49–5.13)	0.41 (0.13–1.36)	0.985 (0.33–2.98)	0.97 (0.41–2.30)
Anti-SSB/La	1.37 (0.43–4.37)	0.70 (0.16–3.07)	0.85 (0.17–4.09)	4.48 (0.36–55.37)	2.10 (0.59–7.47)	6.00 (0.85–42.26)	3.68 (0.79–29.30)	3.57 (0.80–15.91)	0.00	0.87 (0.25–3.09)
Anti-RNP	0.53 (0.17–1.64)	0.73 (0.22–2.46)	1.42 (0.35–5.71)	0.49 (0.05–5.19)	0.43 (0.11–1.62)	0.21 (0.02–2.09)	0.95 (0.20–4.43)	0.11 (0.01–0.91)*	3.37 (1.01–10.56)*	1.52 (0.56–4.14)
Anti-Sm	1.07 (0.25–4.51)	0.98 (0.23–4.14)	0.44 (0.04–4.57)	4.38 (0.29–65.31)	0.68 (0.13–3.61)	6.25 (0.82–47.80)	0.37 (0.04–3.62)	2.08 (0.46–9.38)	1.06 (0.24–4.70)	0.46 (0.09–2.28)
C3 low	0.91 (0.34–2.39)	0.92 (0.35–2.47)	0.96 (0.26–3.64)	3.66 (0.55–24.51)	1.44 (0.54–3.86)	1.01 (0.21–4.92)	3.93 (0.93–13.62)	1.07 (0.39–2.94)	0.45 (0.13–1.58)	1.75 (0.69–4.39)
C4 low	1.11 (0.43–2.86)	1.00 (0.35–2.84)	3.42 (0.90–13.06)	0.51 (0.07–3.70)	0.59 (0.20–1.75)	0.29 (0.04–2.15)	1.01 (0.27–3.80)	1.60 (0.57–4.55)	1.19 (0.34–4.23)	0.98 (0.37–2.61)
Age	1.05 (1.01–1.08)*	1.02 (0.98–1.05)	1.01 (0.97–1.06)	1.03 (0.97–1.01)	1.03 (1.00–1.07)	1.02 (0.97–1.08)	1.06 (1.01–1.11)*	1.01 (0.98–1.05)	1.00 (0.95–1.04)	1.05 (1.01–1.08)*
Gender	0.59 (0.21–1.66)	1.57 (0.40–6.14)	0.24 (0.06–0.94)*	2.25 (0.17–30.62)	0.30 (0.10–0.88)*	0.27 (0.05–1.46)	1.08 (0.17–6.88)	0.65 (0.18–2.32)	2.67 (0.31–23.20)	0.63 (0.22–1.79)
Duration SLE	1.03 (0.99–1.07)	1.05 (1.01–1.10)*	1.03 (0.97–1.08)	0.93 (0.84–1.03)	1.02 (0.97–1.06)	0.91 (0.82–1.01)	1.04 (0.98–1.10)	1.00 (0.95–1.05)	1.01 (0.94–1.08)	1.04 (1.01–1.08)*
SLEDAI-2K	1.02 (0.93–1.11)	1.03 (0.94–1.12)	0.89 (0.77–1.03)	0.97 (0.81–1.17)	1.02 (0.94–1.11)	1.00 (0.87–1.15)	1.01 (0.90–1.14)	0.93 (0.84–1.03)	1.00 (0.91–1.11)	1.07 (0.99–1.16)
SDI	0.91 (0.68–1.22)	1.43 (1.07–1.90)*	1.72 (1.18–2.51)*	1.41 (0.73–2.71)	1.79 (1.33–2.41)*	2.07 (1.23–3.50)*	1.23 (0.83–1.82)	1.60 (1.17–2.18)*	1.46 (0.97–2.18)	1.23 (0.97–1.62)
Hypertension	5.61 (2.52–12.48)**	2.52 (1.10–5.74)*	8.34 (2.19–31.70)*	7.82 (1.06–57.77)*	1.98 (0.89–4.44)	0.98 (0.25–3.88)	1.47 (0.47–4.57)	1.77 (0.72–4.36)	0.79 (0.25–2.55)	1.92 (0.91–4.07)
Smoking
-Current	2.45 (0.89–6.74)	1.24 (0.45–3.39)	1.47 (0.39–5.52)	1.45 (0.17–12.49)	0.59 (0.20–1.72)	0.46 (0.10–2.13)	5.12 (0.90–29.13)	0.84 (0.26–2.75)	0.41 (0.09–1.95)	1.06 (0.39–2.88)
-Ever	0.52 (0.21–1.35)	2.22 (0.85–5.83)	2.21 (0.60–8.13)	0.69 (0.07–6.96)	1.64 (0.64–4.21)	4.78 (0.88–26.04)	0.25 (0.05–1.28)	1.06 (0.37–3.07)	1.37 (0.43–4.32)	1.04 (0.42–2.57)
BMI	0.99 (0.93–1.07)	0.99 (0.92–1.08)	1.02 (0.93–1.12)	1.07 (0.91–1.26)	1.01 (0.94–1.09)	1.04 (0.90–1.19)	0.98 (0.86–1.11)	1.01 (0.93–1.10)	0.89 (0.79–1.01)	1.05 (0.98–1.13)
Dyslipidemia	1.44 (0.71–2.93)	0.99 (0.45–2.20)	0.70 (0.25–1.92)	2.28 (0.45–11.69)	0.93 (0.42–2.08)	0.60 (0.16–2.22)	0.39 (0.12–1.26)	0.59 (0.25–1.42)	0.66 (0.21–2.10)	1.42 (0.67–3.01)
Diabetes	1.53 (0.37–6.29)	0.15 (0.01–1.62)	0.93 (0.13–6.68)	0.58 (0.03–10.67)	0.54 (0.10–2.90)	0.44 (0.02–9.30)	0.38 (0.03–5.87)	1.02 (0.17–6.20)	1.56 (0.15–16.67)	0.84 (0.21–3.46)

aCL: anticardiolipin; BMI: body mass index; C3: complement component 3; C4: complement component 4; CMBs: cerebral micro-bleeds; LA: lupus anticoagulant; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI-2K: systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000; SDI: Systemic Lupus International Clinics damage index; WMH: white matter hyperintensities.

^aNo association was found for lacunar infracts in the brainstem, large hemorrhages and sinus thrombosis.

^bPasquier scale ≥ 2.

^cReference Fazekas score ≤ 1.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.001.