Table 1.
Nucleic acid delivery technologies reported to enter cells by macropinocytosis. EIPA, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride.
| experimental approach for identification of MP |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| delivery technology | cargo | mode of internalization | cell type | size in nm | shape | charge (at physiological ph) | small molecule inhibition | fluorescence colocalization marker | genetic manipulation | in vivo analysis | reference |
| lipid and lipid-like nanoparticles | |||||||||||
| CkkE-12 | siRNA | MP | HeLa | 70 | spherical | neutral | EIPA | 70 kDa dextran | Dong et al. [8] | ||
| Dlin-MC3-DMA | siRNA | MP, CME | HeLa | 70–90 | spherical | neutral | EIPA | 70 kDa dextran | siRNA knockdown of CTBP1, Rac1, Rabnkyrin-5 | electron microscopy of siRNA-gold | Gilleron et al. [4] |
| C12–200 | siRNA | MP | HeLa | 80 | spherical | neutral | EIPA, cytochalasin D | 70 kDa dextran, ovalbumin, membrane ruffling, Cdc42 | siRNA knockdown of Cdc42, Rac1 | Love et al. [9], Sahay et al. [10] | |
| DOTAP/DOPC and DC-Chol/DOPE | DNA | MP | CHO | 190–202 | spherical | +48.9 to + 50.2 | wortmannin | 70 kDa Dextran | Cardarelli et al. [11] | ||
| charge reversing lipoplex | DNA | MP | CHO | 277–374 | spherical | +27.7 to + 50.2 | amiloride, wortmannin | Zhang et al. [12] | |||
| polymeric nanoparticles | |||||||||||
| His-pLK | DNA | MP, CME | HepG2 | 110 | spherical | +18 | PMA, wortmannin, DMA | Gonclaves [13] | |||
| PLL-PEG | DNA | MP | COS-7 | rods: l 100–200, w 20 Toroids: 30–60 | rods and Toroids | neutral | amiloride | Walsh et al. [14] | |||
| PLL-g-PEG | DNA | MP, CME | COS-7 | 80–90 | spherical | ND | wortmannin | Luhmann et al. [15] | |||
| cell-penetrating peptides | |||||||||||
| R8-DOPE/CHEMS or R8-EPC/Chol liposomes | DNA | MP | NIH 3T3 | 102–149 | spherical | +35 to + 40 | amiloride | Khalil et al. [16] | |||
| DOPE/DOTAP + CPP | siRNA | MP | B16F10, HT1080 | 462 | spherical | neutral | amiloride | Asai et al. [17] | |||
| Other | |||||||||||
| ApoE lipoprotein + calcium phosphate | siRNA | MP | glioblastoma | 20–40 | spherical | negative | amiloride, EIPA | 70 kDa dextran | fluorescence uptake in presence of EIPA | Huang et al. [18] | |
| PC-12 derived exosomes | miRNA | MP, CME | BMSCs | 40–150 | spherical | negative | EIPA, LY294002 | 70 kDa dextran | Tian et al. [19] | ||
| BJ fibroblast derived exosomes with CD47 | siRNA | MP | PANC-1 | 40–150 | spherical | negative | EIPA | Kamerkar et al. [20] | |||