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. 2018 Dec 2;2018:4138560. doi: 10.1155/2018/4138560

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Signaling pathways of kallistatin in protection against vascular senescence, oxidative stress, and inflammation in EPCs and endothelial cells. Kallistatin via its heparin-binding site blocks TNF-α/H2O2-modulated NADPH oxidase activity and ROS formation and thus ICAM-1 and PAI-1/p16INK4a expression. Kallistatin through its active site stimulates Let-7g synthesis, to inhibit miR-34 and stimulate SIRT1-eNOS pathway, thereby elevating NO levels, further leading to reduced ROS levels.