Figure 3.

mtDNA damage estimated as lesion frequency per 10 kb in ND1 and ND5 genes in cell lines K-562, CCRF-CEM, and A549 after 24 h treatment with R. carthamoides extracts from the roots of soil-grown plants (Rc NR extract) and transformed roots (Rc TR extract). SLR-qRT-PCR was used to quantify mtDNA damage. The results represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Control: untreated cells. ^∗p < 0.05 cells treatment with Rc NR extract or TR extract vs. control cells; #p < 0.05Rc NR extract vs. Rc TR extract.