Table 3.

Biomaterials and controlled stiffness to modulate PSC fate.

	Material	Variables to modulate stiffness	Stiffness range	Lineage studied
Natural	Fibrin	Precursor concentration	Pa	Endoderm [25]
	Fibroblast-derived matrix	Crosslinking concentration	Pa–KPa	Pluripotency [31]
	Alginate	Crosslinking concentration	KPa	Pancreatic [72]
Synthetic	PDMS	Precursor concentration	KPa–MPa	Endo-meso-ectoderm [59] Pluripotency [58] Vascular [60]
	Polyacrylamide	Precursor concentration	Pa–KPa	Neural [67] Cellular reprogramming [66]
	PEG hydrogel	Precursor concentration	KPa–MPa	Vascular [39]