Table 1.

Summary of articles included within the systematic review (n=23).

Author (year)	Location	Design/duration	Population/groups	Theory/wellness intervention	Evaluation measures	Measurement techniques	Results
Allen et al. (2012) [43]	USA	RCT1,12 months	Total n=55 Intervention n=26 Control n=29	No specific theory Intervention: monthly education sessions and pedometers Control: no intervention	BMI2, BF%3, WC4	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer BF: BIA5 WC: tape measurer No further specifications	Intervention: insignificant decrease in BMI, BF%, or WC (p > 0.05) Control: WC increased (p < 0.05)
Almeida et al. (2015) [10]	USA	RCT,12 months	Total n=1,790 Intervention n=1001 Control n=789	No specific theory Intervention: daily email, incentives, education website Control: quarterly newsletter and 1-hour resource session	BW6, BMI	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer No further specifications	Intervention: BW and BMI decreased (p < 0.05)
Baker Parker et al. (2010) [50]	USA	Quasi-experimental: 3 groups, 24 months	Total n=2,431 Intense n=1,520 Moderate n=382 Control n=529	No specific theory Intense intervention: health goals, prompts, and messages Moderate intervention: prompts and messages Control: no intervention	BMI	Weight and height were measured, but no further specifications	An insignificant decrease in BMI (p > 0.05)
Barham et al. (2011) [36]	USA	RCT,12 months	Total n=45 Intervention n=21 Control n=24	No specific theory Intervention: 12 1-hour weekly sessions; 1-hour monthly sessions Control: 3-month delay of intervention	BMI, WC	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer WC: tape measurer. Measurements were taken by trained professionals, no further specifications	Intervention: decreased BMI (p < 0.001) and WC (p=0.004) in the first three months
Campbell et al. (2002) [51]	USA	RCT,18 months	Total n=660 Intervention n=362 Control n=298	Social cognitive theory, Stages of Change Trans-Theoretical framework, social support model Intervention: two personalized tailored “magazines,” Natural helpers Control: after 6 months, 1 magazine was provided	BMI	Weight: calibrated scale Height: tape measure Weight and height measured without shoes	No changes in BMI
Christensen et al. (2012) [31]	Denmark	RCT,12 months	Total n=98 Intervention n=54 Control n=44	Cognitive behavioral training Intervention: 1-hour weekly educational sessions Control: monthly 2-hour oral presentations	BW, BMI, BF%	Weight: calibrated scale. Measurements taken without socks and shoes, light clothing, 1 kg subtracted to compensate for clothing. Height: stadiometer Measurements taken without shoes BF: BIA. Measured by “standard” body frame and participant's age, height, and gender BF: tape measurer. Waist circumference measured over umbilicus. Hip circumference measured on the hip part that gave the greatest circumference	Intervention: BW decreased by 6 kg (p < 0.001) BMI decreased by 2.2 kg/m2 (p < 0.001) BF% decreased by 2.8% (p < 0.001)
Fernandez et al. (2015) [52]	USA	RCT: 10 groups,24 months	Total n=2,996 Intervention n=1,882 Control n=1,114	No specific theory Intervention: marketing at workplace, newsletters, interactive website Control: no intervention	BMI	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer Measurements were taken in street clothes and without shoes	Intervention: BMI decreased by 0.54 kg/m2 (p=0.02) Control: BMI decreased by 0.12 kg/m2 (p=0.73)
French et al. (2010) [53]	USA	RCT, 18 months	Total n=696	No specific theory Intervention: healthy vending machine options, fitness facility, self-weighing competition, 2-day long health expos, monthly farmers markets Control: quarterly advisory group	BMI	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer Measurements taken in street clothes and without shoes; 2 separate measurements taken and then averaged the values	Intervention: BMI decreased by −0.14 kg/m2 (p < 0.005)
Goetzel et al. (2014) [54]	USA	1 cohort group, 12 months	Total n=2,458	No specific theory Intervention: 15-minute individual telephone health coaching and online interactive wellness tools	BMI	Self-reported weight and height No specifications on how they trained participants to take these measurements	BMI decreased by 2.0 kg/m2 (p < 0.001)
Hochart et al. (2011) [32]	USA	Pretest, posttest: 13 groups, 36 months	Total n=8,030 Intervention n=4,230 Control n=3,800	No specific theory Intervention: telephone coaching, worksite or webinar education classes, online resources, and behavior change support tools Control: no intervention	BW, BMI	Weight and height measured, but no specifications on how these measurement techniques were taken	Intervention: Insignificant decreases in BW and BMI (p > 0.05)
LeCheminant et al. (2012) [55]	USA	1 cohort group 24 months	Total n=174	Behavioral change framework Intervention: 6, 3- to 8-week intervention campaigns	BMI	Weight and height measured, but no specifications on how these measurement techniques were taken	BMI increased (p < 0.05)
Lemon et al. (2014) [56]	USA	RCT, 24 months	Total n=782 Intervention n=446 Control n=336	Social ecological model Intervention: fitness facilities, healthy lunchroom options, elimination of SSB7, healthy prompts, print, and web-based materials Control: print and web-based materials only	BMI	Weight: calibrated electronic scale. Measured by trained staff, readings to the nearest 2/10th pound Height: stadiometer. Measured by trained staff, readings to the nearest 1/8th inch	Decreased BMI -0.48 kg/m2 (p=0.05)
Leyk et al. (2014) [57]	Germany	Pretest, posttest: 3 groups, 12 months	Total n=474 Nonactive n=129 Not very active n=209 Very active n=136	No specific theory Intervention: voluntary sport participation, sports-medicine exam, monthly lectures	BW, BMI, BF%, WC	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer BF: caliper WC: tape measurer Sports-medicine specialist took the measurements, no specifications of how measurements were taken	Decrease in BW (p=0.002), BMI (p < 0.001), and WC (p=0.001) among men No significant differences among women
Linde et al. (2012) [44]	USA	RCT, 24 months	Total n=1,406 Intervention n=611 Control n=795	No specific theory Intervention: education classes Control: no intervention	BW, BMI	Weight: calibrated electronic scale. Trained team specialists measured to the nearest 0.1 kg wore light street clothes without shoes Height: stadiometer Trained team specialists measured to the nearest 0.1 cm	Intervention: no changes in BW and BMI
Mache et al. (2015) [34]	Germany	RCT, 12 months	Total n=675 Intervention n=377 Control n=298	No specific theory Intervention: weekly 30–60 minutes training sessions, healthy food and exercise demonstrations, and activities Control: no intervention	BMI	Weight and height measured but no further specifications	No changes in BMI
MacKinnon et al. (2010) [58]	USA	RCT: 3 groups, 48 months	Total n=599 MI n=202 TEAM n=234 Control n=163	No specific theory TEAM: 11–45 minute sessions in the first year and 6 booster sessions in the second year MI: 4 1-hour individual motivational interviewing sessions in the first year, and 2 meetings with a counselor and optional additional 6 hours of in-person or phone contact in the second year Control: no intervention	BMI	Weight and height measured but no further specifications	Decreased BMI for TEAM intervention at 1 year (p=0.06)
Merrill et al. (2014) [59]	USA	1 cohort group, 48 months	Year 1 n=1,814 Year 2 n=2,777 Year 3 n=2,739 Year 4 n=3,012	Motivational interviewing theory Intervention: monetary incentives, monthly newsletter, individual health coaching	BMI, BF%	BMI: weight and height measured but no further specifications BF%: body fat analyzer, but no further specifications	Over the 4-year period, decreased BMI (p < 0.05)
Merrill et al. (2010) [60]	USA	1 cohort group, 12 months	Total n=6,128	Healthy belief model, Trans-theoretical model of change, motivational interviewing Intervention: telephonic health coaching	BMI	Weight and height measured but no further specifications	Decreased BMI (p < 0.001)
Muto et al. (2001) [37]	Japan	RCT, 18 months	Total n=302 Intervention n=152 Control n=150	No specific theory Intervention: 4-day education program, individual counseling, group discussions Control: no intervention	BMI	Weight and height measured but no further specifications	Intervention: decreased BMI by 0.5 kg/m2 (p < 0.05)
Neville et al. (2011) [33]	USA	Quasi-experimental: 3 groups, 96 months	Total n=365 Group 1 n=108 Group 2 n=106 Group 3 n=151	No specific theory Intervention: monthly education sessions, incentives, health screenings Control: no intervention	BW, BMI, BF%	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Height: stadiometer BF: BIA Trained health educator staff members took measurements, but no further specifications	Decreased BMI for the highest risk group (group #1) (p < 0.05)
Poole et al. (2001) [61]	USA	1 cohort group, 48 months	Total n=304	No specific theory Intervention: annual health assessment, incentive system	BF%	Skinfold calipers. Measurements were taken at the chest, abdomen, and thigh for men and triceps, supra-ilium, and thigh for females	Decreased BF% (p < 0.05)
Robroek et al. (2012) [62]	Netherlands	RCT, 24 months	Total n=924 Intervention n=465 Control n=459	Social cognitive theory Intervention: physical health check, face-to-face advice, personal feedback, monthly emails Control: no intervention	BMI	Weight and height measured, no further specifications. In the follow-up measurement, height and weight were self-reported	No decreases in BMI (p > 0.05)
Salinardi et al. (2013) [35]	USA	RCT, 12 months	Total n=133 Intervention n=94 Control n=39	Social ecological model Intervention: 19 1-hour long education sessions Control: no intervention	BW	Weight: calibrated electronic scale Measurements were taken with light indoor clothing and measured to 0.05 kg Height: stadiometer, no further specifications	BW decreased by an average of 8 kg (p < 0.05)

Note. 1 = randomized control trial, 2 = body mass index, 3 = body fat percentage, 4 = waist circumference, 5 = bioelectrical impedance analyzer, 6 = body weight, and 7 = sugar-sweetened beverages.