Table 2.

Constitutive laws for passive muscle modeling (II).

References	Muscles	Geometries	Constitutive laws	Simulation	Validation
Wang et al. [31]	Calf muscles	1 healthy subject, 2D geometries from MRI data	Hyperelastic material (Mooney-Rivlin model) C10 = 1310 Pa, C01 = −961 Pa, C11 = 886 Pa	Outside compression	In vivo MRI measurement (deformed geometries, cross-sectional area reduction)
Wu et al. [26]	20 facial muscles	1 healthy subject, 3D geometries from MRI data	Hyperelastic material (Mooney-Rivlin model) C10 = 2.5 kPa, C01 = 1.175 kPa	Facial expressions	Skin deformation from the structured-light scanner
Affagard et al. [29]	Ischios, quadriceps, gracilis, and sartorius	1 healthy subject, 2D geometries from MRI data	Hyperelastic material (Neo-Hookean model) C10 = [1.75–3.75] kPa, D = 18 MPa−1	Contention, compression, and indentation	Ultrasound displacement measurement
Zöllner et al. [30]	Gastrocnemius	1 healthy subject, 3D geometries from MRI data	Hyperelastic material (Neo-Hookean model) λ = 0.714 N/mm2 and μ (G) = 0.179 N/mm2	High heel posture	Qualitative comparison with literature
Lee et al. [32]	Generic (back spine muscles)	3 healthy subjects, 3D geometries from scanning	Hyperelastic material (Mooney-Rivlin model) C10 = 1.65 kPa, C01 = 3.35 kPa	Contact pressure simulation	Contact pressure measurements
Wheatley et al. [34]	Biceps femoris	Ideal 3D cuboid form geometries	Visco-poroelastic material (FEBio) k0 = [4.250](m4/N − s); M = [0.16 10]; α = [0.12]	Compression	In vitro permeability measurement