Table 5.

Constitutive laws for active muscle modeling (III).

References	Muscles	Geometries	Fiber architecture	Constitutive laws	Simulation	Validation
Röhrle et al. [49]	Tibialis anterior	Ideal 3D geometries	Parallel fiber distribution at a pennation angle	Active multiscale electromechanical material	Activation	Qualitative comparison with literature
Hernández-Gascón et al. [50]	Tibial anterior	1 rat, 3D geometries from MRI	Fusiform form	Active electromechanical material (thermodynamically consistent constitutive model) (11 parameters)	Isometric and concentric contractions	Comparison with literature
Heidlauf and Röhrle [51]	Tibialis anterior	Ideal 3D fiber geometries	Parallel fiber distribution along the edge of the cuboid	Active multiscale chemo-electro-mechanical material (20 parameters)	Shortening, isometric contraction	Comparison with literature (muscle length-force characteristics)
Toumanidou and Noailly [52]	Lumbar spine muscles	3D muscle network from anatomical landmarks	Fibers aligned in one direction	Active transversely isotropic, hyperelastic, and quasi-incompressible material (8 parameters, UMAT Abaqus)	Standing posture and lying position	Comparison with literature (intradiscal pressure)
Kinugasa et al. [53]	Gastrocnemius and soleus	1 healthy subject, 3D geometries from MRI data	Fascicle orientation measurement from ultrasound images	Active transversely isotropic, hyperelastic, and quasi-incompressible material	Plantar flexion	Achilles tendon force measurements
Spyrou et al. [54]	Generic	3D periodic unit cells	Fiber direction along the global z-axis	Active two-phase composite material (UMAT Abaqus) (14 parameters)	Uniaxial loading	In vitro passive and active stress-strain response measurement (tibialis anterior)
Clemen et al. [55]	Biceps	1 healthy subject, 3D geometries from MRI data	Parallel fiber distribution in a single direction	Active transversely isotropic hyperelastic material	Isometric contraction	Measured indentation data