Table 1.

Cytokines concentrations in the hippocampus of middle-aged rats that performed Morris Water Maze (MWM; pg/μg of protein).

	Control (Water)	Probiotic (E. faecium)	Prebiotic (Inulin)	Symbiotic (E. faecium and inulin)
IL-1β	463.4 ± 20.26	621.4 ± 159.5	365.1 ± 25.64*	356.5 ± 21.9*
TNF-α	1352 ± 92.19	1384 ± 128.6	851.2 ± 122.6*	574.3 ± 36.98***

*p < 0.05; ***p < 0.0001 vs. control—Kruskal Wallis followed by Mann-Whitney U test. This experiment is one of three in which the same effect was observed.