Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of those with sarcopenia and those without.
Overall n = 205 | Those with sarcopenia n = 30 | Those without sarcopenia n = 175 | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female, n (%) | 130 (63.4) | 22 (73.3) | 108 (61.7) | 0.305 |
Age, years | 77.2 ± 5.1 | 79.4 ± 5.0 | 76.9 ± 5.1 | 0.011 |
AD, n (%) | 54 (26.3) | 8 (26.7) | 46 (26.3) | 1.000 |
Education, years | 10.8 ± 2.3 | 10.3 ± 2.0 | 10.9 ± 2.4 | 0.233 |
Marital status, n (%), n = 203 | 1.000 | |||
Never married | 3 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.7) | |
Married | 200 (98.5) | 30 (100.0) | 170 (98.3) | |
Living alone, n (%), n = 204 | 24 (11.8) | 5 (16.7) | 19 (10.9) | 0.362 |
Need for financial support, n (%), n = 199 | 12 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (6.9) | 0.221 |
MMSE, score | 24.7 ± 2.6 | 24.4 ± 2.7 | 24.7 ± 2.6 | 0.411 |
Barthel Index, score | 98.8 ± 3.7 | 97.5 ± 5.4 | 99.0 ± 3.3 | 0.041 |
Lawton Index, score | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 5.7 ± 1.6 | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 0.197 |
Male | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 0.445 |
Female | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 6.3 ± 1.4 | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 0.003 |
Vitality Index, score | 9.4 ± 1.0 | 9.1 ± 1.1 | 9.4 ± 1.0 | 0.013 |
GDS-15, score | 2.8 ± 2.6 | 4.0 ± 3.4 | 2.6 ± 2.3 | 0.062 |
SMI, kg/m2 | 6.4 ± 1.0 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 6.6 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
Grip strength, kg | 23.3 ± 7.3 | 16.7 ± 5.1 | 24.4 ± 7.0 | <0.001 |
Gait speed, s/m | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.054 |
Physical activity, inactivity, n (%) | 53 (25.9) | 12 (40.0) | 41 (23.4) | 0.071 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 21.9 ± 3.1 | 20.0 ± 2.5 | 22.3 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
CNAQ, score | 28.8 ± 2.8 | 26.7 ± 3.5 | 29.1 ± 2.5 | <0.001 |
A. Appetite | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 0.001 |
B. Feeling full | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
C. Feeling hunger | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 0.294 |
D. Food tastes | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 0.013 |
E. Food tastes compared to when younger | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 0.016 |
F. Meal frequency per day | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 0.215 |
G. Feel sick or nauseated when eating | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 0.838 |
H. Usual mood | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 0.002 |
MNA-SF, score | 11.7 ± 1.9 | 10.7 ± 1.7 | 11.8 ± 1.8 | 0.001 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 17 (8.3) | 5 (16.7) | 12 (6.9) | 0.082 |
Drinking Status, n (%) | 0.158 | |||
Never | 126 (61.5) | 23 (76.7) | 103 (58.9) | |
Ethanol <43.2 g/day | 75 (36.6) | 7 (23.3) | 68 (38.9) | |
Ethanol ≥ 43.2 g/day | 4 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.3) | |
Polypharmacy, n ≥ 5, n (%) | 78 (38.0) | 19 (63.3) | 59 (33.7) | 0.004 |
Anti-dementia drug, n (%) | 54 (26.3) | 8 (26.7) | 46 (26.3) | 1.000 |
Comorbid conditions | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 0.635 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 29 (14.1) | 3 (10.0) | 26 (14.9) | 0.583 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 89 (43.4) | 14 (46.7) | 75 (42.9) | 0.696 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 71 (34.6) | 11 (36.7) | 60 (34.3) | 0.837 |
Cardiac disease, n (%) | 12 (5.9) | 4 (13.3) | 8 (4.6) | 0.080 |
Pulmonary disease, n (%) | 9 (4.4) | 2 (6.7) | 4 (4.0) | 0.623 |
Serum albumin, g/dl, n = 156 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 3.2 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 0.110 |
Serum total protein, g/dl, n = 156 | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 7.4 ± 0.4 | 7.3 ± 0.5 | 0.235 |
C-reactive protein, mg/dl, n = 150 | 0.11 ± 0.3 | 0.12 ± 0.1 | 0.11 ± 0.3 | 0.369 |
25(OH)D, ng/ml, n = 113 | 21.2 ± 9.7 | 18.4 ± 6.0 | 21.6 ± 10.1 | 0.337 |
AD, Alzheimer's disease; CNAQ, Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire; GDS-15, 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MNA-SF, Mini-Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; SMI, Skeletal Muscle mass Index. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). P value are for differences between those with sarcopenia and those without.