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. 2018 Dec 18;5:128. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00128

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of those with sarcopenia and those without.

Overall n = 205 Those with sarcopenia n = 30 Those without sarcopenia n = 175 P value
Female, n (%) 130 (63.4) 22 (73.3) 108 (61.7) 0.305
Age, years 77.2 ± 5.1 79.4 ± 5.0 76.9 ± 5.1 0.011
AD, n (%) 54 (26.3) 8 (26.7) 46 (26.3) 1.000
Education, years 10.8 ± 2.3 10.3 ± 2.0 10.9 ± 2.4 0.233
Marital status, n (%), n = 203 1.000
Never married 3 (1.5) 0 (0.0) 3 (1.7)
Married 200 (98.5) 30 (100.0) 170 (98.3)
Living alone, n (%), n = 204 24 (11.8) 5 (16.7) 19 (10.9) 0.362
Need for financial support, n (%), n = 199 12 (5.9) 0 (0.0) 12 (6.9) 0.221
MMSE, score 24.7 ± 2.6 24.4 ± 2.7 24.7 ± 2.6 0.411
Barthel Index, score 98.8 ± 3.7 97.5 ± 5.4 99.0 ± 3.3 0.041
Lawton Index, score 6.1 ± 1.7 5.7 ± 1.6 6.1 ± 1.7 0.197
Male 4.4 ± 0.8 4.3 ± 0.9 4.5 ± 0.8 0.445
Female 7.0 ± 1.3 6.3 ± 1.4 7.1 ± 1.2 0.003
Vitality Index, score 9.4 ± 1.0 9.1 ± 1.1 9.4 ± 1.0 0.013
GDS-15, score 2.8 ± 2.6 4.0 ± 3.4 2.6 ± 2.3 0.062
SMI, kg/m2 6.4 ± 1.0 5.5 ± 0.6 6.6 ± 0.9 <0.001
Grip strength, kg 23.3 ± 7.3 16.7 ± 5.1 24.4 ± 7.0 <0.001
Gait speed, s/m 1.0 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.3 1.0 ± 0.2 0.054
Physical activity, inactivity, n (%) 53 (25.9) 12 (40.0) 41 (23.4) 0.071
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 21.9 ± 3.1 20.0 ± 2.5 22.3 ± 3.1 <0.001
CNAQ, score 28.8 ± 2.8 26.7 ± 3.5 29.1 ± 2.5 <0.001
A. Appetite 3.4 ± 0.8 3.0 ± 0.7 3.5 ± 0.8 0.001
B. Feeling full 3.7 ± 0.6 3.3 ± 0.6 3.7 ± 0.5 <0.001
C. Feeling hunger 2.6 ± 0.9 2.4 ± 0.8 2.6 ± 0.9 0.294
D. Food tastes 3.6 ± 0.7 3.3 ± 0.7 3.6 ± 0.6 0.013
E. Food tastes compared to when younger 3.2 ± 0.6 2.9 ± 0.5 3.2 ± 0.6 0.016
F. Meal frequency per day 3.9 ± 0.3 3.8 ± 0.5 3.9 ± 0.3 0.215
G. Feel sick or nauseated when eating 4.8 ± 0.5 4.7 ± 0.8 4.8 ± 0.4 0.838
H. Usual mood 3.6 ± 0.7 3.3 ± 0.6 3.7 ± 0.7 0.002
MNA-SF, score 11.7 ± 1.9 10.7 ± 1.7 11.8 ± 1.8 0.001
Current smoker, n (%) 17 (8.3) 5 (16.7) 12 (6.9) 0.082
Drinking Status, n (%) 0.158
Never 126 (61.5) 23 (76.7) 103 (58.9)
Ethanol <43.2 g/day 75 (36.6) 7 (23.3) 68 (38.9)
Ethanol ≥ 43.2 g/day 4 (2.0) 0 (0.0) 4 (2.3)
Polypharmacy, n ≥ 5, n (%) 78 (38.0) 19 (63.3) 59 (33.7) 0.004
Anti-dementia drug, n (%) 54 (26.3) 8 (26.7) 46 (26.3) 1.000
Comorbid conditions 1.0 ± 1.0 1.1 ± 1.1 1.0 ± 1.0 0.635
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) 29 (14.1) 3 (10.0) 26 (14.9) 0.583
Hypertension, n (%) 89 (43.4) 14 (46.7) 75 (42.9) 0.696
Dyslipidemia, n (%) 71 (34.6) 11 (36.7) 60 (34.3) 0.837
Cardiac disease, n (%) 12 (5.9) 4 (13.3) 8 (4.6) 0.080
Pulmonary disease, n (%) 9 (4.4) 2 (6.7) 4 (4.0) 0.623
Serum albumin, g/dl, n = 156 4.4 ± 0.3 4.3 ± 3.2 4.4 ± 0.3 0.110
Serum total protein, g/dl, n = 156 7.3 ± 0.4 7.4 ± 0.4 7.3 ± 0.5 0.235
C-reactive protein, mg/dl, n = 150 0.11 ± 0.3 0.12 ± 0.1 0.11 ± 0.3 0.369
25(OH)D, ng/ml, n = 113 21.2 ± 9.7 18.4 ± 6.0 21.6 ± 10.1 0.337

AD, Alzheimer's disease; CNAQ, Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire; GDS-15, 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MNA-SF, Mini-Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; SMI, Skeletal Muscle mass Index. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). P value are for differences between those with sarcopenia and those without.