Figure 2.

Effects of CLP and linagliptin or IKK-16 post treatment on NF-κB signaling pathway in the heart of mice with pre-existing T2DM. Mice from chow and HFD groups were randomized to undergo CLP or sham surgery. At 1 h after CLP, mice on HFD were randomized to receive linagliptin (10 mg/kg i.v.), IKK-16 (1 mg/kg i.v.), or vehicle (2% DMSO, 3 ml/kg). At 24 h heart samples were collected and signaling events were assessed. Densitometry analysis of the bands is expressed as relative optical density (O.D.) of (A) IKKα/β phosphorylation on Ser^178/180 corrected to the corresponding total IKKα/β content and normalized using the related sham band; (B) IκBα phosphorylation on Ser^32/36 corrected to the corresponding total IκBα content and normalized using the related sham band; (C) NF-κB p65 subunit levels in both, cytosolic and nuclear fractions expressed as a nucleus/cytosol ratio normalized using the related sham bands; (D) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression corrected for the corresponding tubulin band and normalized using the related sham band. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc test and expressed as mean ± SEM.^*P < 0.05 compared to HFD+CLP group, $P < 0.05. (n = 4–6 per group).