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. 2018 Dec 18;9:1817. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01817

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Treatment with a TRPM8 antagonist (AMTB) suppresses the lung inflammation induced by M-CS or Non-M-CS in mice with subchronic exposure. See Figure 2 caption for further explanations of the treatments in the five study groups of mice. Total protein content (A), total cell count (B), differential cell count (C), and levels of MIP-2 (D) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured to serve as inflammatory indices of lung inflammation. Levels of MIP-2 (E) and 4-HNE (F) in the lung tissues were also analyzed with ELISA and Western blot, respectively, to provide additional indices. 4-HNE represents 4-hydroxynonenal (a major end product of lipid peroxidation reflecting the level of oxidative stress). Data in each group are mean ± SEM from nine (A–E) or six mice (F). ∗p < 0.05 vs. the air-exposed group; @p < 0.05 vs. the Non-M-CS-exposed group; #p < 0.05 vs. the same type of CS group with vehicle treatment. Note that the increased inflammatory indices induced by M-CS were higher than those induced by Non-M-CS, but these increased inflammatory indices induced by both types of CS were significantly reduced to similar levels by treatment with AMTB.