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. 2018 Dec 18;9:1855. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01855

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Copyright © 2018 López-Gresa, Payá, Ozáez, Rodrigo, Conejero, Klee, Bellés and Lisón.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Zig-zag model for stomatal defense. Analogously to the previously proposed zig-zag model for plant immunity (Jones and Dangl, 2006), three different phases are proposed for the stomatal defense. In phase 1, upon perception of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), plants close stomata in an ABA-dependent manner, contributing to the PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). In phase 2, bacterial coronatine provokes a JA-dependent reopening of the stomata, interfering with PTI. In phase 3, the bacterial effectors are recognized by NB-LRR proteins activating effector-triggered immunity (ETI), and then the plant recloses the stomata in a GLV-dependent and SA-independent process.