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. 2018 Dec 18;9:640. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00640

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Copyright © 2018 Kumar, Chinnusamy and Mohapatra.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Adenine modification dynamics. Adenine gets methylated by DNA N⁶-adenine methyltransferases (DAMT-1) to produce N⁶-methyladenine (6-mA), as observed in C. elegans. 6-mA can be demethylated by the action of N⁶-methyl adenine demethylase-1 (NMAD-1) or DNA methyladenine demethylase (DMAD). Oxidation of methyl group of 6-mA by AlkB oxidase results in the formation of N⁶-hydroxymethyl adenine (6-hmA) and N⁶-formyl adenine (6-fA), and finally back to adenine. Adenine may also get methyl adduct by endogenous or environmental alkylating agents to N¹-methyladenine (1-mA), which may further get demethylated by AlkB oxidase to adenine via N¹-methylhydroxy adenine (1-hmA).