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. 2018 Dec 18;9:3132. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03132

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Copyright © 2018 Jadhav, Shah, Karpe, Morrison, Kouremenos, Beale and Palombo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Volcano plots of (A) L. monocytogenes, (B) S. enterica and (C) E. coli O157:H7 enriched in selective media containing the minced beef samples. Green circles (•) and red stars (★) indicate statistically significant putative biomarker metabolites found in control beef samples and spiked meat samples, respectively, after specified period of incubation (For L. monocytogenes: 24 h; for S. enterica: 18 h and E. coli O157:H7: 12 h). A few statistically significant metabolites in spiked samples are labeled in the volcano plots (see Tables 2–4 for top ten statistically significant metabolites). Please refer to Supplementary Information for list of other statistically significant metabolites. Blue open circles (∘) indicate metabolites that are not statistically significant for the discrimination (see Supplementary Information). The dashed lines on the volcano plot represent a p-value of 0.05 (Y-axis) and a fold change of 2 (X-axis).