Table 2.
Summary of 3D cellular assembly applications.
| Manipulation strategy | Cell type | Biofabrication output | Microfluidic | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM (labeling cells via internalization using bovine serum albumin coated MNP) | Human prostate cancer epithelial (PC-3) cells and human lung fibroblast (HFL-1) cells | Multilayer sheet structures for epithelial cells, tightly packed spheroids for fibroblasts after 24 h of manipulation. | - | Ghosh et al., 2016 |
| PM (labeling cells via a hydrogel consisting of gold, iron oxide MNP and filamentous bacteriophage) | Normal human astrocytes and human glioblastoma (LN-229 or U-251MG) | Spheroids with ~ 930 μm diameter after 10.5 days of levitation | - | Souza et al., 2010 |
| PM (labeling cells via NANOSHUTTLE™) | Preadipocyte cells (3T3-L1) and endothelial cells (bEND.3) | Adiposphere-based coculture with a vascular-like network assembly and lipogenesis in perivascular cells. | - | Daquinag et al., 2012 |
| PM (labeling cells via NANOSHUTTLE™) | Primary human epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, pulmonary fibroblasts, and pulmonary endothelial cells | 3D bronchiole coculture consisting of four cell types together in a layered assembly after 7 days of levitation culture | - | Tseng et al., 2013 |
| PM (labeling cells via NANOSHUTTLE™) | Primary porcine valvular interstitial cells and endothelial cells | 3D layered co-culture model of the aortic valve with ~ 2800 μm diameter after 3 days of levitation | - | Tseng et al., 2014 |
| PM (labeling cells via NANOSHUTTLE™) | Breast cancer cells (SUM159, MDA-MB-231) and fibroblasts (293T, Hs578bst, human pulmonary fibroblasts and patient derived tumor associated fibroblasts) | Large-sized (millimeter in diameter) co-culture model of breast tumor within 24 h | - | Jaganathan et al., 2014 |
| PM (labeling cells via MNP) | Bone marrow-derived human MSCs | Random mixed, core-shell, and fused spheroids composed of cells stained with two different dyes with 100–200 μm in diameter | - | Kim et al., 2013a |
| PM (labeling cells via NANOSHUTTLE™) | Rat vascular smooth muscle cells (A10) and primary human aortic smooth muscle cells | Contractile rings with ~ 3 mm in outer diameter | - | Tseng et al., 2016 |
| PM (labeling cells via magnetite cationic liposomes) | Mouse myoblast cells (C2C12) | Cell sheets with 0.63 cm2 area after 24 h, cell strings with ~150 μm in longitudinal direction after 24 h, cell rings with 12 mm in diameter after 48 h | - | Yamamoto et al., 2009, 2010 |
| PM (labeling cells via magnetite cationic liposomes) | Primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes | Cardiac tissue rings with ~250 μm thickness after 7-day cultivation | - | Akiyama et al., 2010 |
| PM (labeling 3D cellular spheroids via incorporation of magnetoferritin nanoparticles into spheroids) | Primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells | Tissue rings formed by fusion of spheroids over 4 days (~ 13 mm in diameter) | - | Mattix et al., 2014a |
| PM (labeling 3D cellular spheroids via incorporation of MNP into ECM of spheroids) | Primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells | Tissue rings (from 2 mm up to 10 mm) and custom patterns (square and Clemson University Tiger Paw) formed by fusion of magnetic labeled spheroids over 4 days | - | Mattix et al., 2014b |
| PM (labeling cells via deposition of poly(allylamine)-stabilized MNP on cell membranes) | Primary human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and human lung carcinoma epithelial cells (A549) | Layered planar tissue constructs (~100 μm thick, round, and 3 mm in diameter) after 24 h incubation of surface-engineered magnetic cells | - | Dzamukova et al., 2015 |
| PM (forming magnetic 3D cellular structures via adhesion of cells to magnetic iron oxide-encapsulated nano/microparticle substrates) | Human epidermoid tumor KB cells | Tumor cell spheroids with an increase in volume during 10-day culture period | - | Lee et al., 2011 |
| PM (forming magnetic 3D cellular structures via adhesion of cells to magnetic collagen hydrogel beads) | Mouse fibroblast cells (NIH-3T3) and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Hep G2) | Magnetically manipulable cells adhered on the collagen beads | - | Sugaya et al., 2012 |
| PM (labeling biotinylated cells via streptavidin paramagnetic particles) | Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) | Magnetically orientable cells and spheroids in hanging drop culture to target and immobilize spheroids for a facilitated media change and therapeutic screening, covering different cells onto preformed spheroids | - | Ho et al., 2013 |
| NM (suspension of cells in paramagnetic solution containing gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) | Bovine carotid artery cells (HH) | Egg-shaped cellular structure with 510 μm diameter and 690 μm height in 20 min | - | Akiyama and Morishima, 2011a |
| NM (suspension of cells in paramagnetic solution containing gadoteric acid) | Bovine carotid artery cells (HH) | Spheroids with ~400 μm in diameter after one day of culture (25 spheroids in each batch) | - | Akiyama and Morishima, 2011b |
| NM (suspension of cells in paramagnetic solution containing gadoteric acid) | Mouse myoblast cells (C2C12) | Spheroids with ~250 μm diameter within 1 min | + | Akiyama and Morishima, 2012 |
| NM (suspension of cells in paramagnetic solution containing gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) | Whole blood cells | Rectangular bar, three-pointed star shaped cellular structures and spheroids of varying sizes (600–1,000 μm) | - | Abdel Fattah et al., 2016 |
| NM (suspension of cells in paramagnetic solution containing Gadavist®) | Murine fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) | Cellular clusters (100–260 μm) formed by magnetic levitation after 48 h, merged preformed-spheroids after 4 days and assembly of cells compartmentalized in the water-in-oil droplets after 24 h | + | Tocchio et al., 2017 |
| NM (suspension of spheroids in paramagnetic solution containing Omniscan™) | Primary sheep chondrocytes | Fused chondrospheres | - | Parfenov et al., 2018 |
| NM (suspension of cells in paramagnetic solution containing Gadavist®) | Bone marrow stem cells (D1 ORL UVA) and breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) | Cellular blocks up to ~2.7 cm in length (with ~280 μm thickness) formed by magnetic levitation after 48 h and biphasic cellular structures in a single device | + | Anil-Inevi et al., 2018 |
| NM (suspension of cells in paramagnetic solution containing Gadavist®) | Mouse fibroblast cells (NIH 3T3) and non-small-cell lung cancer cells (HCC827) | Cell spheroids and cell strings with increase in cell number during 168-h culture | + | Türker et al., 2018 |
| PM (forming magnetic 3D cellular structures via encapsulation of cell within paramagnetic hydrogel) | Mouse fibroblast cells (NIH 3T3) | Magnetically controllable cell-encapsulating hydrogels with manufacturability in different sizes (150 μm in thickness and 200–1,000 μm in side dimension) | - | Tasoglu et al., 2013 |
| NM (suspension of cells in paramagnetic solution containing gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) | Mouse fibroblast cells (NIH 3T3) | Assembled building blocks; cell encapsulating hydrogels (2 mm round with 150 μm thickness) and cell seeded microbeads | - | Tasoglu et al., 2015b |
| PM (manipulation of cell encapsulating hydrogels via motion of the magnetic microrobots) | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), mouse fibroblast cells (NIH 3T3), cardiomyocyte | 2D and 3D heterogeneous assembly of cell encapsulating hydrogels. | - | Tasoglu et al., 2014 |
PM, positive magnetophoresis; NM, negative magnetophoresis; MNP, magnetic nanoparticles; NANOSHUTTLE™, assembly of iron oxide and gold nanoparticles cross-linked with poly-l-lysine.
–, The shortest dimension of the cell culture chamber > 1 mm.
+, The shortest dimension of the cell culture chamber ≤ 1 mm.