Table 3.

Biocompatibility of magnetic liquids.

Magnetic liquids	Structures	Short-term biocompatibility	Long-term biocompatibility	References
Gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid	Linear ionic	NR	+	Winkleman et al., 2004
		++	NR	Rodríguez-Villarreal et al., 2011
		++++	NR	Abdel Fattah et al., 2016
Gadoteridol	Macrocyclic nonionic	NR	+++	Kauffmann et al., 2011
Gadabutrol (Gadavist®)	Macrocyclic nonionic	NR	++++	Durmus et al., 2015; Anil-Inevi et al., 2018
		NR	+++	Tocchio et al., 2017
Gadodiamide (Omniscan™)	Linear nonionic	NR	++	Anil-Inevi et al., 2018
Gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist®)	Linear ionic	NR	+++	Anil-Inevi et al., 2018
Gadoterate meglumine (Dotarem®)	Macrocyclic ionic	NR	++	Kauffmann et al., 2011
		NR	+++	Anil-Inevi et al., 2018
Gadobenate dimeglumine (Multihance®)	Linear ionic	NR	±	Kauffmann et al., 2011
		NR	+++	Anil-Inevi et al., 2018
BSA (bovine serum albumin) coated ferrofluid	Globular protein-magnetite nanoparticles	±	NR	Krebs et al., 2009
Citrate stabilized ferrofluid	Citrate anion-Cobalt-ferrite nanoparticles	–	NR	Kose et al., 2009
EMG 408 ferrofluid	Anionic surfactant- magnetite nanoparticles	++++	NR	Zhu et al., 2012
Graft copolymer functionalized ferrofluid	Nonionic polymers-maghemite nanoparticles	++++ ++++	NR	Zhao et al., 2015
		++	NR	Zhao et al., 2017a,b

Cell viability which was not statistically different from the control group, or above 80% was assessed as good cell viability. Good cell viability levels were scored as– (< 10 mM), ± (10–25 mM), + (25–50 mM), ++ (50–100 mM), +++ (100–200 mM) or ++++ (>200 mM) for paramagnetic salt solutions. Good cell viability in ferrofluids were scored as– (good cell viability: < 0.06%, volume fraction of magnetic particles), ± (0.06–0.12%), + (0.12–0.25%), ++ (0.25–0.5%), +++ (0.5–1%) or ++++ (>1%). NR stands for “not reported,” respectively.