Table 1.
Characteristics of study subjects with recent onset or chronic schizophrenia from the USA cohort.
| Healthy controls | Recent onset schizophrenia | p | Healthy controls | Chronic schizophrenia | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, M/F | 17/21 | 25/7 | 0.005 | 10/5 | 40/16 | 0.72 |
| Age, years (range) | 18.8 ± 3.8 (12–25) | 21.0 ± 3.7 (15–29) | 0.015 | 44.9 ± 11.2 (26–57) | 45.9 ± 8.3 (26–59) | 0.75 |
| Illness duration, years (range) | N/A | 1.82 ± 1.68 (0.08–5) | N/A | N/A | 23.6 ± 10.21 (6–41) | N/A |
| CPZ equivalents (mg/day) (range) | N/A | 243.3 ± 133.9 (25.1–562.9) | N/A | N/A | 402.7 ± 330.2 (0–1918.0) | N/A |
| Antipsychotic in use (typical/atypical/combination/no medication) | N/A | 1/24/1/5 | N/A | N/A | 7/42/3/2 | N/A |
| Smoker/ Non-smoker | 1/36 | 20/8 | 0.003 | 3/12 | 31/25 | 0.015 |
| BPRS total score (range) | N/A | 42.5 ± 9.2 (26–62) | N/A | N/A | 35.2 ± 9.2 (18–56) | N/A |
| BPRS negative score (range) | N/A | 16.5 ± 6.4 (8–36) | N/A | N/A | 17.6 ± 6.3 (9–38) | N/A |
| BPRS positive score (range) | N/A | 13.7 ± 4.8 (7–22) | N/A | N/A | 18.4 ± 5.5 (8–29) | N/A |
Comparisons between the two groups were performed using χ2 test for sex and smoking status, and t-test for age. Values are shown as means ± standard deviation (range). BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CPZ, chlorpromazine; N/A, not applicable. Typical antipsychotics included flufenazine, clorpromazine, amoxapine, haloperidol, perphenazine, thioridazine, and thiothixene. Atypical antipsychotics included clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, and aripiprazol.