Table 1.
Participant and baseline characteristics.
| Characteristic | Total (N=70) | Control (n=35) | Intervention (n=35) | P valuea | |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 46.9 (12.8) | 47.2 (12.3) | 46.5 (13.5) | .82 | |
| Female, n (%) | 60 (87) | 30 (85) | 30 (88) | .99 | |
| White, n (%) | 65 (95) | 33 (94) | 32 (97) | .99 | |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 1 (1) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | .99 | |
| Married, n (%) | 44 (64) | 25 (71) | 19 (56) | .18 | |
| Education (college 4+ years), n (%) | 41 (59) | 18 (51) | 23 (68) | .17 | |
| Employed for wages, n (%) | 53 (77) | 26 (74) | 27 (79) | .61 | |
| Income (<US $50,000), n (%) | 21 (33) | 9 (30) | 12 (35) | .65 | |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 3 (4) | 1 (3) | 2 (6) | .99 | |
| General health (excellent or very good), n (%) | 34 (49) | 14 (41) | 20 (57) | .19 | |
| Hospital anxiety and depression scale, mean (SD) | |||||
|
|
Total | 14.3 (6.6) | 14.3 (7.1) | 14.3 (6.1) | .74 |
|
|
Anxiety | 9.8 (3.4) | 9.5 (3.4) | 10.1 (3.4) | .44 |
|
|
Depression | 4.6 (4.0) | 4.9 (4.2) | 4.3 (3.7) | .68 |
| Perceived stress scale, mean (SD) | 19.9 (7.2) | 20.4 (6.7) | 19.4 (7.7) | .55 | |
| Brief resilience scale, mean (SD) | 20.1 (5.3) | 20.8 (4.3) | 19.5 (6.1) | .37 | |
| Satisfaction with life scale, mean (SD) | 19.0 (8.0) | 19.7 (7.3) | 18.3 (8.6) | .48 | |
| Social provisions scale, mean (SD) | |||||
|
|
Total | 79.0 (12.0) | 78.6 (10.9) | 79.3 (13.1) | .55 |
|
|
Attachment | 12.5 (2.6) | 12.6 (2.4) | 12.5 (2.8) | .94 |
|
|
Social integration | 13.2 (2.7) | 13.3 (2.4) | 13.1 (2.9) | .94 |
|
|
Reassurance of worth | 12.9 (2.2) | 12.8 (1.9) | 12.9 (2.4) | .41 |
|
|
Reliable alliance | 13.6 (2.6) | 13.4 (2.6) | 13.8 (2.6) | .47 |
|
|
Guidance | 13.3 (2.7) | 13.1 (2.6) | 13.5 (2.9) | .35 |
|
|
Opportunity for nurturance | 13.6 (2.5) | 13.7 (2.2) | 13.5 (2.7) | .96 |
| Positive and negative affect scale, mean (SD) | |||||
|
|
Positive affect | 31.9 (8.2) | 33.4 (7.8) | 30.4 (8.4) | .15 |
|
|
Negative effect | 16.0 (6.6) | 16.7 (6.9) | 15.3 (6.2) | .20 |
| Days pain inhibited usual activities, mean (SD) | 3.5 (6.9) | 3.7 (6.1) | 3.4 (7.6) | .08 | |
| Days not getting enough sleep, mean (SD) | 12.3 (9.7) | 13.1 (10.3) | 11.5 (9.2) | .68 | |
| Days felt healthy and full of energy, mean (SD) | 14.0 (10.0) | 12.8 (9.4) | 15.3 (10.5) | .30 | |
| Better mental health than 1 month ago, n (%) | 17 (25) | 6 (18) | 11 (31) | .18 | |
aP values for variables based on means are from a two-sample t test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test; P values for variables based on percentages are from a chi-square test; Fisher exact tests were used as needed.