Table 2.

Effector cells involved in dinutuximab treatment

Effector mechanism	Positive features	Negative features
NK cells	ADCC; activation can be enhanced with cytokines5,22,23,50,63–66	KIR ligands being present may inhibit ADCC22,59,66,69,70
Neutrophils	ADCC; response enhanced by chemotherapy83	Diminished with cytotoxic chemotherapy
Macrophages	ADCC/phagocytosis of tumor67,79,80	TAMs are associated with poor prognosis75–78
γδ T cells	Tumor cytotoxicity when combined with TMZ87	Minor cell population/may require ex vivo prep84,136
Complement	CDC	Complement binding associated with pain75–78

Abbreviations: ADCC, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; CDC, complement-dependent cytotoxicity; KIR, immunoglobulin-like receptor; NK, natural killer; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; TMZ, temozolomide.