Table 3. Estimated yearly rate of the decline of the exercise related outcomes.
| Group | Yearly change | P value Interaction effect |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular fitness | |||
| VO2peak (ml/min) | Airflow obstruction (ref) | -67 (9)* | - |
| Smoking control | -76 (9)* | 0.44 | |
| Never smoking control | -58 (9)* | 0.47 | |
| VO2peak (ml/min/kg) | Airflow obstruction (ref) | -0.79 (0.11)* | - |
| Smoking control | -1.04 (0.12)* | 0.18 | |
| Never smoking control | -0.81 (0.13)* | 0.94 | |
| HRpeak (beats/min) | Airflow obstruction (ref) | -2.94 (0.46)* | - |
| Smoking control | -2.55 (0.35)* | 0.50 | |
| Never smoking control | -1.63 (0.36)* | 0.02 | |
| HRpeak (beats/min) | Airflow obstruction (ref) | -3.17 (0.55)* | - |
| - no βBlocker | Smoking control | -2.44 (0.40)* | 0.24 |
| Never smoking control | -1.39 (0.34)* | <0.01 | |
| OUES (slope) | Airflow obstruction (ref) | -32 (11)* | - |
| Smoking control | -68 (10)* | 0.03 | |
| Never smoking control | -68 (13)* | 0.03 | |
| Pulmonary ventilation | |||
| VEpeak (l/min) | Airflow obstruction (ref) | -3.24 (0.47)* | - |
| Smoking control | -2.85 (0.35)* | 0.47 | |
| Never smoking control | -2.21 (0.33)* | 0.05 | |
| VE/MVV (%) | Airflow obstruction (ref) | -1.4 (0.5)* | - |
| Smoking control | -1.3 (0.3)* | 0.84 | |
| Never smoking control | -0.1 (0.3) | 0.02 | |
| ΔVE/ΔVCO2 (slope) | Airflow obstruction (ref) | 0.09 (0.07) | - |
| Smoking control | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.89 | |
| Never smoking control | 0.16 (0.07)* | 0.50 | |
| Muscle work | |||
| WRpeak (watt) | Airflow obstruction (ref) | -6.31 (0.77)* | - |
| Smoking control | -6.42 (0.59)* | 0.91 | |
| Never smoking control | -4.21 (0.50)* | 0.02 | |
| ΔVO2/ΔWR (slope) | Airflow obstruction (ref) | 0.091 (0.060) | - |
| Smoking control | -0.102 (0.070) | 0.02 | |
| Never smoking control | 0.013 (0.048) | 0.35 | |
| Effort indicators | |||
| RERpeak | Airflow obstruction (ref) | -0.011 (0.003)* | - |
| Smoking control | -0.006 (0.002)* | 0.22 | |
| Never smoking control | -0.006 (0.003)* | 0.23 | |
| Dyspnea (BORG score) | Airflow obstruction (ref) | -0.071 (0.057) | - |
| Smoking control | -0.148 (0.061)* | 0.36 | |
| Never smoking control | -0.090 (0.050) | 0.80 | |
| Fatigue (BORG score) | Airflow obstruction (ref) | -0.110 (0.064) | - |
| Smoking control | -0.169 (0.051)* | 0.40 | |
| Never smoking control | -0.131 (0.048)* | 0.73 |
Data are expressed as mean (standard error). VO2peak = peak oxygen uptake, HRpeak = peak heart rate. ‘no βBlocker’ refers to the subgroups of subjects who were not under beta blocker medication at any of the visits (Airflow obstruction n = 23, Smoking control n = 32, Never smoking control n = 43). OUES = oxygen efficiency slope, VEpeak = peak minute ventilation, VE/MVV = ventilatory reserve, ΔVE/ΔVCO2 = ventilatory efficiency slope, WRpeak = peak work rate, ΔVO2/ΔWR = mechanical efficiency, RERpeak = peak respiratory exchange ratio.
* = statistically significant deterioration.