Table 2. Estimation results for C-TTO, DCE, and hybrid models (for full sample).
| C-TTO | DCE | Hybrid | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Independent variables | Tobit GLS model censored at -1 | Conditional logistic model, rescaled using theta derived from hybrid-Tobit model censored at -1 | With C-TTO values censored at -1 without considering heteroscedasticity and constant |
| Mobility (MO) | |||
| No to slight problem | 0.1054 (0.0132)¶ | 0.0796 (0.0162)¶ | 0.1076 (0.0112)¶ |
| Slight to moderate problems | 0.1204 (0.0148)¶ | 0.0939 (0.0170)¶ | 0.0920 (0.0124)¶ |
| Moderate to severe problems | 0.1336 (0.0163)¶ | 0.1631 (0.0158)¶ | 0.1656 (0.0125)¶ |
| Severe to extreme problems | 0.0967 (0.0159)¶ | 0.1517 (0.0168)¶ | 0.1115 (0.0122)¶ |
| Self-care (SC) | |||
| No to slight problem | 0.0816 (0.0127)¶ | 0.0111 (0.0176) | 0.0757 (0.0110)¶ |
| Slight to moderate problems | 0.0947 (0.0158)¶ | 0.0557 (0.0175)¶ | 0.0565 (0.0127)¶ |
| Moderate to severe problems | 0.0714 (0.0161)¶ | 0.1604 (0.0174)¶ | 0.1322 (0.0129)¶ |
| Severe to extreme problems | 0.0718 (0.0142)¶ | 0.0749 (0.0162)¶ | 0.0597 (0.0117)¶ |
| Usual Activities (UA) | |||
| No to slight problem | 0.0569 (0.0133)¶ | 0.0489 (0.0161)¶ | 0.0726 (0.0111)¶ |
| Slight to moderate problems | 0.0883 (0.0151)¶ | 0.0117 (0.0163) | 0.0508 (0.0119)¶ |
| Moderate to severe problems | 0.1504 (0.0163)¶ | 0.1794 (0.0165)¶ | 0.1568 (0.0124)¶ |
| Severe to extreme problems | 0.0283 (0.0158) | 0.1005 (0.0170)¶ | 0.0703 (0.0124)¶ |
| Pain/Discomfort (PD) | |||
| No to slight problem | 0.0790 (0.0118)¶ | 0.0764 (0.0167)¶ | 0.0868 (0.0108)¶ |
| Slight to moderate problems | 0.1006 (0.0164)¶ | 0.0342 (0.0166) | 0.0710 (0.0124)¶ |
| Moderate to severe problems | 0.1636 (0.0155)¶ | 0.2038 (0.0167)¶ | 0.1824 (0.0124)¶ |
| Severe to extreme problems | 0.0901 (0.0169)¶ | 0.1681 (0.0175)¶ | 0.1132 (0.0127)¶ |
| Anxiety/depression (AD) | |||
| No to slight problem | 0.0579 (0.0134)¶ | 0.0322 (0.0173) | 0.0637 (0.0113)¶ |
| Slight to moderate problems | 0.1480 (0.0157)¶ | 0.1143 (0.0166)¶ | 0.1192 (0.0125)¶ |
| Moderate to severe problems | 0.1406 (0.0150)¶ | 0.1453 (0.0176)¶ | 0.1572 (0.0124)¶ |
| Severe to extreme problems | 0.0790 (0.0140)¶ | 0.1013 (0.0170)¶ | 0.0811 (0.0119)¶ |
| Range of possible values | [-0.9583, 1] | [-1.0065, 1] | [-1.0259, 1] |
| Log likelihood | -6180.705 | -3076.2541 | -11197.917 |
| AIC | 12405.410 | 6192.5083 | 22439.834 |
| BIC | 12564.038 | 6328.5166 | 22609.660 |
| RMSE | 0.4729 | NA | NA |
| MAE | 0.3601 | NA | NA |
Model estimates are presented as coefficient (SE).
¶p value <0.01.
AIC, Akaike information criteria; BIC, Bayesian information criteria; GLS, generalized least squares; MAE, mean absolute error; OLS, ordinary least squares; RMSE, root mean square error.