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. 2018 Dec 27;6:37. doi: 10.1038/s41413-018-0042-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Main methods and essentials procedures that compose new bone tissue engineering and the major bone injury sites in body where strategies using 3D scaffolds. a Scaffolds combined with functional nucleic acid sequences. b MSCs culture and 3D culture with scaffolds and functional nucleic acid sequences. c Nucleic acids as bridge to connect factors to scaffolds. d MSCs culture and 3D culture with scaffolds and functional nucleic acid sequences which combined with factors