Table 1.

Application of theory according to the Theory Coding Scheme (TCS) and effectiveness scores for study outcomes.

Authors, year	N	Behavior change model/theory	Theory Coding Scheme (Item number)	% theory applied	Adherence	Self-management and control	Clinical markers of health	Quality of life	Other Quality of life outcomes	Health care utilization	Outcomes average score
Bartholomew, 2000 [54]	133	SRMa; SCTb	1; 3; 5; 6	36	N/Ac	2	2	N/A	N/A	1	1.67
Bartlett, 2002 [62]	16	SLTd	1; 2; 3; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9	73	2	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	2
Huss, 2003 [56]	101	PRECEDE-PROCEED model; Developmental; Social Support and learning theories	1; 2; 5	27	N/A	N/A	0	0	N/A	N/A	0
Krishna, 2003 [58]	228	SRTe	1	9	N/A	N/A	1.33	0	1	0.67	0.78
Joseph, 2007 [57]	315	Transtheoretical Model; HBMf	1; 2; 5; 6; 11	45	1	N/A	2	0	1.33	1.5	1.17
Bender, 2010 [55]	50	Benefit-Risk Model of Health Behavior	1; 2; 3; 5	36	2	0	N/A	0	N/A	N/A	0.68
Petrie, 2012 [60]	148	Extended SRM	1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7;11	73	2	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	2
Burns, 2013 [63]	51	TPBg	1; 3	18	N/A	1	N/A	2	N/A	N/A	1.5
Joseph, 2013 [51]	422	HBM	1; 2; 5; 6; 11	45	N/A	2	1	N/A	0.67	0	0.92
Lau, 2015 [59]	330	HBM; SCT; SETh; Transtheoretical change	1; 2; 5; 8; 11	45	N/A	0	0	N/A	0	0	0
Wiecha, 2015 [61]	58	SCT	1	9	1	N/A	0	N/A	0.25	0	0.31
Ahmed, 2016 [53]	98	Behavior change; SET; Motivational Theory	1; 2	18	N/A	0		1	N/A	0	0.33
Speck, 2016 [64]	44	SCT	1; 2; 3; 5; 6; 8; 11	64	N/A	2		2	N/A	N/A	2
Warren, 2016 [65]	12	SRT	1; 2; 3	27	N/A	0	2	0	N/A	N/A	0.67

^aSRM: Self-Regulatory Model.

^bSCT: Social Cognitive Theory.

^cN/A: not applicable.

^dSLT: Social Learning Theory.

^eSRT: Self-Regulation Theory.

^fHBM: Health Belief Model.

^gTPB: Theory of Planned Behavior.

^hSET: Self-Efficacy Theory.