Table 1.

Summary of genes associated with Parkinson’s disease.

Locus	Gene	Inheritance	Onset	Location	Variants	Function
PARK1/4	SNCA	Dominant Risk factor	EO	4q21.3-q22	5 point mutations, multiplications Rep1 risk variant in the promoter	Synaptic vesicles trafficking
PARK2	PARKIN	Recessive	EO	6q25.2-q27	>250 point mutation, ins/de and exon rearrangements	Mitophagy
PARK3	Unknown	Dominant	LO	2p13	?	?
PARK5	UCHL1	Dominant	LO	4p13	1 missense variant in one sibling pair	Proteasome
PARK6	PINK1	Recessive	EO	1p36.12	>100 point mutations, ins/del and exon rearrangements	Mitophagy
PARK7	DJ-1	Recessive	EO	1p36.23	>20 point mutations and deletions	Mitophagy
PARK8	LRRK2	Dominant	LO	12q12	7 point mutations	Autophagy?
		Risk factor			Risk variants p.R1628P and p.G2385R
PARK9	ATP13A2	Recessive	EO	1p36	>20 point mutations	Lysosomes
PARK10	Unknown	Risk factor	?	1p32	?	?
PARK11	GIGYF2	Recessive	EO	2q36-7	7 missense variants	Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) signaling
PARK12	Unknown	Risk factor	?	Xq21-q22	?	?
PARK13	HTRA2	Dominant	?	2p13.1	1 missense variant	Mitophagy,
PARK14	PLA2G6	Recessive	EO	22q13.1	>18 missense variants	Lipids metabolism
PARK15	FBXO7	Recessive	EO	22q12.3	4 point mutations	Mitophagy
PARK16	Unknown	Risk factor	?	1q32	?	?
PARK17	VPS35	Dominant	LO	16q12	2 point mutations	Endosomes
PARK18	EIF4G1	Dominant	LO	3q27.1	1 missense variant	Protein translation
PARK19	DNAJC6	Recessive	EO	1p31.3	9 missense variants	Endosomes
PARK20	SYNJ1	Recessive	EC	21q22.11	3 missense variants	Endosomes
PARK21	DNAJC13	Dominant	LO	3q22.1	1 missense variant	Endosomes
PARK22	CHCHD2	Dominant	LO/EO	7p11.2	1 missense variant, 1 truncation	Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and metabolism?
PARK23	VPS13C	Recessive	EO	15q22.2	2 missense variants,l truncation	Mitophagy
–	GBA	AD, AR in GD Risk factor	LO	lq22	>10 missense variants	Lysosomes
–	MAPT	Sporadic Risk factor		17q21.31	H1 haplotype increase PD risk and disease severity	Microtubules

EO, early onset; LO, late onset.