Table 1.

Bioenergetic Impairment in the Hearts of Human Subjects with Obesity and T2D

Tissue/sample analyzed	Type of bioenergetic impairment	Ref.
Atrial fibers	↓ Respiratory state 3 rate (with glutamate and palmitoylcarnitine, but not with pyruvate and succinate) in permeabilized atrial fibers from T2D patients with coronary artery bypass graft surgery	(9)
	↓ Respiratory state 3 rate (with glutamate/malate and succinate) in permeabilized atrial fibers from T2D patients with coronary artery bypass graft surgery	(57)
	↓ Respiratory state 3 rate and RCR (with palmitoylcarnitine and pyruvate/malate) in permeabilized fibers from obese and T2D patients	(125)
↓ Complex I activity in obese patients
↓ Complex II and III activities in obese T2D patients
Atrial mitochondria	↓ Respiratory state 3 rate (with glutamate/malate and palmitoylcarnitine)	(52)
	↓ Complex I and IV activities in subsarcolemmal mitochondria from atrial appendages in T2D patients

↓, decreased; RCR, respiratory control ratio (state 3, ADP-induced/state 4, ADP limited); T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus.