Table 3.
Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of women empowerment and media use with four types of vaccination among six South and Southeast Asian countries in the DHS data (N = 45,168).
| BCG | DPT | Polio | Measles | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model I | Model II | Model I | Model II | Model I | Model II | Model I | Model II | ||||||||||
| aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | ||
| Decision-making (1) woman’s health care | |||||||||||||||||
| Partner decides (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||||
| Jointly | 1.18 † | 1.07, 1.30 | 1.17 † | 1.07, 1.30 | 1.12 † | 1.04, 1.20 | 1.12 † | 1.04, 1.20 | 1.01 | 0.94, 1.09 | 1.01 | 0.94, 1.09 | 1.06 | 0.99, 1.14 | 1.05 | 0.98, 1.13 | |
| Woman decides alone | 1.31 * | 1.18, 1.46 | 1.30 * | 1.18, 1.45 | 1.23 * | 1.14, 1.33 | 1.22 * | 1.13, 1.32 | 1.11 + | 1.03, 1.21 | 1.11 + | 1.02, 1.20 | 1.16 * | 1.08, 1.25 | 1.15 * | 1.07, 1.24 | |
| Decision-making (2) household purchases | |||||||||||||||||
| Partner decides (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||||
| Jointly | 1.19 † | 1.08, 1.32 | 1.17 † | 1.06, 1.29 | 1.14 † | 1.06, 1.23 | 1.13 † | 1.05, 1.22 | 1.13 † | 1.05, 1.22 | 1.12 † | 1.04, 1.21 | 1.12 † | 1.05, 1.20 | 1.11 † | 1.03, 1.19 | |
| Woman decides alone | 1.16 + | 1.03, 1.31 | 1.14 + | 1.01, 1.28 | 1.09 | 1.00, 1.19 | 1.08 | 0.99, 1.18 | 1.09 | 1.00, 1.19 | 1.09 | 1.00, 1.19 | 1.12 + | 1.03, 1.21 | 1.10 + | 1.02, 1.20 | |
| Decision-making (3) visiting to family or relatives | |||||||||||||||||
| Partner decides (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||||
| Jointly | 1.28 * | 1.16, 1.42 | 1.29 * | 1.16, 1.42 | 1.28 * | 1.18, 1.38 | 1.28 * | 1.19, 1.38 | 1.23 * | 1.14, 1.33 | 1.23 * | 1.14, 1.33 | 1.15 * | 1.07, 1.24 | 1.15 * | 1.07, 1.24 | |
| Woman decides alone | 1.14 + | 1.01, 1.28 | 1.16 + | 1.03, 1.31 | 1.18 * | 1.08, 1.29 | 1.19 * | 1.08, 1.30 | 1.03 | 0.94, 1.13 | 1.05 | 0.95, 1.15 | 1.12 † | 1.02, 1.22 | 1.12 † | 1.03, 1.22 | |
| Attitudes on partner violence (1) goes out without telling him | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 1.15 † | 1.04, 1.27 | 1.15 † | 1.04, 1.27 | 1.07 | 0.99, 1.15 | 1.07 | 0.99, 1.15 | 1.09 + | 1.01, 1.17 | 1.10 + | 1.02, 1.18 | 1.08 + | 1.00, 1.16 | 1.08 + | 1.00, 1.16 | |
| Attitudes on partner violence (2) neglects the children | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 0.94 | 0.85, 1.03 | 0.95 | 0.86, 1.05 | 0.99 | 0.92, 1.06 | 0.99 | 0.93, 1.07 | 0.97 | 0.90,1.04 | 0.97 | 0.91, 1.05 | 0.96 | 0.89, 1.02 | 0.96 | 0.90, 1.03 | |
| Attitudes on partner violence (3) argues with him | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 1.19 + | 1.07, 1.32 | 1.15 + | 1.03, 1.28 | 1.08 + | 1.00, 1.17 | 1.07 | 0.98, 1.16 | 1.08 | 0.99, 1.17 | 1.06 | 0.97, 1.15 | 1.09 + | 1.01, 1.17 | 1.07 | 0.99, 1.15 | |
| Attitudes on partner violence (4) refuses to have sex | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 0.98 | 0.88, 1.09 | 0.98 | 0.88, 1.10 | 1.07 | 0.98, 1.16 | 1.07 | 0.98, 1.17 | 0.99 | 0.91, 1.08 | 1.00 | 0.92, 1.09 | 1.00 | 0.92, 1.08 | 0.99 | 0.91, 1.08 | |
| Attitudes on partner violence (5) burns food | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 1.08 | 0.95, 1.22 | 1.04 | 0.92, 1.18 | 1.02 | 0.93, 1.13 | 1.00 | 0.90, 1.11 | 0.98 | 0.88, 1.09 | 0.96 | 0.87, 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.93, 1.13 | 1.00 | 0.91, 1.10 | |
| Newspaper use | |||||||||||||||||
| Not at all (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||||
| Less than once a week | 1.15 † | 1.06, 1.26 | 1.09 † | 1.03, 1.16 | 1.06 | 0.99, 1.12 | 1.08 + | 1.01, 1.14 | |||||||||
| At least once a week | 1.27 † | 1.08, 1.48 | 1.21 * | 1.10, 1.33 | 1.13 + | 1.03, 1.25 | 1.09 + | 1.00, 1.19 | |||||||||
| Daily | 2.80 + | 1.02, 7.64 | 1.36 | 0.92, 2.01 | 0.90 | 0.59, 1.36 | 1.43 | 0.99, 2.07 | |||||||||
| Radio use | |||||||||||||||||
| Not at all (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||||
| Less than once a week | 1.15 † | 1.06, 1.25 | 1.08 + | 1.02, 1.14 | 1.10 † | 1.04, 1.17 | 1.02 | 0.97, 1.08 | |||||||||
| At least once a week | 1.36 * | 1.23, 1.52 | 1.25 * | 1.17, 1.35 | 1.25 * | 1.16, 1.34 | 1.09 † | 1.02, 1.17 | |||||||||
| Daily | 0.55 † | 0.35, 0.86 | 0.74 | 0.52, 1.08 | 0.62 + | 0.42, 0.91 | 0.80 | 0.56, 1.14 | |||||||||
| Television use | |||||||||||||||||
| Not at all (Ref.) | |||||||||||||||||
| Less than once a week | 1.53 * | 1.39, 1.69 | 1.24 * | 1.15, 1.34 | 1.33 * | 1.24, 1.44 | 1.29 * | 1.20, 1.39 | |||||||||
| At least once a week | 1.78 * | 1.61, 1.96 | 1.37 * | 1.28, 1.48 | 1.57 * | 1.46, 1.69 | 1.34 * | 1.25, 1.43 | |||||||||
| Daily | 1.86 * | 1.61, 2.16 | 1.36 * | 1.22, 1.53 | 1.17 † | 1.08, 1.34 | 1.58 * | 1.42, 1.77 | |||||||||
BCG = bacille de Calmette-Guerin vaccine, DPT = diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccine, a = adjusted age, educational attainment, household income, location. * = p-value < 0.001, † = p-value < 0.01, + = p-value < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.