Table 2.
Biogenic amine contents (mg/kg fresh weight) found in fruits and nuts. Data are presented as average (standard deviation) and range (minimum–maximum).
| Food Categories | n | Occurrence of Biogenic Amines (mg/kg) | Reference | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Histamine | Tyramine | Putrescine | Cadaverine | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | Range | |||
| Fruit and Fruit Products | ||||||||||
| Apple | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4–1.7 | - | - | [50] |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | nd | - | - | - | [51] | |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 1.5 | - | nd | - | [40] | |
| Apple juice | 10 | nd | - | 0.67 (0.50) | nd–1.6 | 1.02 (0.35) | 0.59–1.68 | 2.30 (1.53) | 0.55–4.27 | [41] |
| Avocado | 5 | nd | - | 1.81 (2.06) | 0.58–5.44 | nd | - | nd | - | # |
| - | 23 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [12] | |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | nd | - | nd | - | [40] | |
| Banana | 8 | nd | - | 0.53 (0.79) | nd–1.85 | 37.94 (8.32) | 25.50–49.49 | nd | - | # |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | - | 15.86–41.05 | 10.83 | - | [40] | |
| Cherry | 5 | nd | - | nd | - | 3.08 (0.51) | 2.35–3.46 | nd | - | # |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 4.67 | - | nd | - | [40] | |
| Grape | 2 | - | - | - | - | 9.34 | - | 5.93 | - | [40] |
| Grapefruit | 2 | nd | - | nd | - | 55.55 (12.8) | 46.52–64.57 | nd | - | # |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 51.1 | - | nd | - | [40] | |
| Grapefruit Juice | 3 | - | - | - | - | 98.6 | - | - | - | [50] |
| 10 | 0.31 (0.58) | nd–1.74 | nd | - | 10.08 (4.11) | 7.17–20.8 | 1 (0.64) | 0.38–2.28 | [41] | |
| Guava | 21 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.4–1.8 | - | - | [57] |
| Kiwi | 13 | nd | - | nd | - | 2.49 (3.96) | 0.5–15.57 | nd | - | # |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 1.06 | - | nd | - | [40] | |
| - | 1.9 (0.1) | - | nd | - | 3.1 (0.1) | - | nd | - | [54] | |
| Lemon | 3 | nd | - | nd | - | 2.33 (2.02) | nd–3.67 | nd | - | # |
| Mandarin | 21 | nd | - | 0.94 (1.31) | nd–5.76 | 90.16 (36.6) | 12.29–173.8 | nd | - | # |
| 10 | - | - | - | - | 122 (44.2) | 67.3–200 | - | - | [42] | |
| Mango | 21 | - | - | - | - | 0.9 | nd–2.7 | - | - | [57] |
| Orange | 12 | nd | - | nd | - | 91.24 (41.7) | 11.34–151.1 | nd | - | # |
| 3 | - | - | - | - | - | 95.1–140 | - | - | [50] | |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 117 | - | - | - | [51] | |
| 5 | - | - | - | - | 137 (11.3) | 119–153 | - | - | [42] | |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 54.62–119.82 | 2.04 | - | [40] | ||
| Orange juice | 3 | nd | - | nd | - | 45.51 (10.5) | 37.35–57.3 | nd | - | # |
| 3 | - | - | - | - | 85 (11.4) | 76.6–100 | - | - | [42] | |
| 11 | 0.46 (0.41) | nd–1.32 | nd | - | 45.51 (8.35) | 34.70–60.97 | nd | - | [41] | |
| Papaya | 21 | - | - | - | - | 11 | 5.3–19.3 | - | - | [57] |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 4.67 | - | nd | - | [40] | |
| Passion fruit | 21 | - | - | - | - | 17.9 | 6.5–40.5 | - | - | [57] |
| Pear | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | 23.6–24.2 | - | - | [50] |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 1.5 | - | 0.41 | - | [40] | |
| Peach | 2 | nd | - | nd | - | 1.92 (0.14) | 1.82–2.02 | nd | - | # |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 0.35 | - | <0.10 | - | [40] | |
| Pineapple | 6 | nd | - | nd | - | 4.20 (2.17) | 1.39–7.96 | nd | - | # |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 4.05 | - | 3.07 | - | [40] | |
| 21 | - | - | - | - | 1.1 | nd–2.5 | - | - | [57] | |
| Pineapple juice | 12 | 2.44 (1.59) | nd–4.61 | 0.87 (0.86) | nd–1.93 | 1.79 (0.16) | 1.53–1.98 | 1.21 (1.22) | nd–3.14 | [41] |
| Plum | 2 | nd | - | 4.02 (4.32) | 0.96–7.07 | nd | - | nd | - | # |
| Strawberry | 9 | nd | - | nd | - | 3.77 (1.52) | 2.04–6.42 | nd | - | # |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 0.97 | - | 4.29 | - | [40] | |
| Nuts | ||||||||||
| Almonds | 7 | nd | - | nd | - | 2.47 (1.24) | nd–4.36 | nd | - | # |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 4.32 | - | 5.57 | - | [40] | |
| Chestnuts | 2 | nd | - | nd | - | 4.53 (3.40) | 2.12–6.93 | nd | - | # |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 5.2 | - | 1.33 | - | [40] | |
| Hazelnuts | 9 | nd | - | 0.49 (0.85) | nd–2.63 | 1.18 (1.09) | nd–3.19 | nd | - | # |
| Nuts | 6 | nd | - | nd | - | 5.64 (4.17) | 2.82–13.79 | nd | - | # |
| Pistachios | 7 | nd | - | nd | - | 14.84 (14.0) | 4.31–39.51 | 1.65 (4.37) | nd–11.58 | # |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 43 | - | 3.27 | - | [40] | |
| Sunflower seeds | 2 | nd | - | nd | - | 0.50 (0.19) | 0.36–0.63 | nd | - | # |
| 2 | - | - | - | - | 3 | - | 22.58 | - | [40] | |
Here, n: number of samples; SD: standard deviation; nd: not detected; -: values not reported by the study; #: data on the biogenic amine content from our own database of Spanish market products.