Table 1.
First Author | Sample Characteristics—Number of Participants (n)/Mean Age in Years ± SD | Main Findings | Region of Interest (ROI) |
---|---|---|---|
Studies conducting an acute bout of physical activity | |||
Ando et al. [120] | Healthy young adults n = 10 m/25.1 ± 3.4 |
After cycling vs. prior cycling (normoxia): - ↑ oxyHb and TOI in rt. PFC during CT |
rt. PFC |
Bediz et al. [117] | Healthy young adults HP n = 18 m/21.0 ± 2.6 LP n = 17 m/20.6 ± 2.1 |
After cycling vs. prior cycling:
|
lt., rt. and md. PFC |
Byun et al. [8] | Healthy young adults n = 25 (12 f, 13 m)/20.6 ± 1.0 |
After cycling vs. control condition (sitting):
|
lt. and rt. DLPFC, VLPFC; FPA |
Chang et al. [115] | Healthy young adults HC n = 9 f/21.8 ± 1.4 HIR n = 9 f/21.1 ± 1.6 MIC n = 9 f/20.4 ± 1.5 HIA n = 9 f/22.1 ± 1.4 |
Post-test (neutral condition):
|
lt. and rt. PFC |
Endo et al. [98] | Healthy young adults n = 13 (8 f, 5 m)/23.0 ± 1.0 |
After cycling vs. prior cycling:
After cycling vs. control condition (sitting):
|
lt. and/or rt. DLPFC |
Faulkner et al. [116] | Healthy young adults n = 17 m/24.6 ± 4.3 |
After cycling vs. prior cylcing: - ↑ rSO2 in PFC during CT |
lt. and rt. PFC |
Faulkner et al. [97] | Patients with TIA and HC TIA n = 11 (2 f, 9 m)/65.0 ± 10.0 HC n = 15 (2 f, 13 m)/62.0 ± 7.0 |
After cycling vs. prior cycling:
|
dominant side of PFC 1 |
Hyodo et al. [7] | Healthy older adults n = 16 (5 f, 28 m)/69.3 ± 3.5 |
After cycling vs. control condition (sitting):
|
lt. and rt. DLPFC, VLPFC; FPA |
Hyodo et al. [77] | Healthy older adults n = 13 (6 f, 7 m)/69.7 ± 2.7 (f); 69.3 ± 2.8 (m) |
Cycling vs. dancing: - no significant differences between timepoints or groups |
lt. and rt. DLPFC, VLPFC; FPA |
Kujach et al. [109] | Healthy, sedentary young adults n = 25 (9 f, 16 m)/20.7 ± 1.9 (f); 21.1 ± 1.9 (m) |
After cycling vs. prior cycling:
|
lt. and rt. DLPFC, VLPFC; FPA |
Lambrick et al. [119] | Healthy children n = 20 (11 f, 9 m)/8.8 ± 0.8 |
After running vs. prior running:
|
dominant side of PFC 1 |
Moriya et al. [99] | Patients suffering from stroke n = 11 (4 f, 7 m)/69.6 ± 12.0 |
After cycling vs. prior cycling: - ↑ oxyHb in rt. PFC post-exercise during CT |
rt. and lt. PFC |
Murata et al. [78] | Healthy young adults n = 15 (6 f, 9 m)/21.7 ± 2.4; 21.6 ± 3.0 (f); 21.8 ± 2.2 (m) |
After cycling vs. prior cycling: - ↓ lt. DLPFC and SMA post-exercise during CT (Go-trials) |
rt. and lt. DLPFC, SMA |
Ochi et al. [114] | Healthy young adults n = 15 (8 f, 7 m)/20.7 ± 2.1 (18-25) |
After cycling (normobaric hypoxia) vs. control condition (sitting/normobaric hypoxia):
|
lt. and rt. DLPFC, VLPFC; FPA |
Sudo et al. [108] | Healthy young adults Stretching group n = 8 m/23.9 ± 2.3 Control group n = 8 m/23.8 ± 2.1 |
After stretching vs. prior stretching:
|
lt. PFC |
Sudo et al. [105] | Healthy young adults Cycling group n = 18 m/23.2 ± 2.1 Control group n = 14 m/22.3 ± 2.3 |
After cycling vs. prior cycling:
|
rt. PFC |
Tsuchiya et al. [113] | Healthy young adults n = 25 (19 f, 6 m)/19.88 ± 0.60 (18-21) |
Housework activities vs. control condition:
|
lt. and rt. DLPFC, VLPFC; FPA |
Tsujii et al. [100] | Healthy older adults n = 14 (9 f, 7 m)/65.9 ± 1.0 |
After cycling vs. control condition (sitting): - ↑ oxyHb in lt. PFC during CT |
rt. and lt. PFC |
Yamazaki et al. [111] | Healthy young adults n = 14 (6 f, 8 m)/22 ± 0.6 |
After recumbent cycling vs. prior cycling: - oxyHb no difference in the ROI’s during CT Responders vs. Non-Responders 2: - ↑ (maximum peak) oxyHb in rt. VLPFC during exercise |
lt. and rt. DLPFC, VLPFC; FPA |
Yanagisawa et al. [6] | Healthy young adults n = 20 (3 f, 17 m)/21.5 ± 4.8 |
After cycling vs. control condition (sitting):
|
lt. and rt. DLPFC, VLPFC; FPA |
Studies conducting long-term physical exercises | |||
Chen et al. [102] | Healthy young adults n = 42 (26 f, 16 m)/22.5 ± 2.0 |
Post-test vs. pre-test: - ↑ oxyHb in lt. PFC in BMB (incongruent condition) |
lt. and rt. PFC |
Coetsee et al. [101] | Healthy older adults HIIT n = 13 (10 f, 3 m)/64.5 ± 6.3 MCT n = 13 (10 f, 3m)/61.6 ± 5.8 ReT n = 22 (15 f, 7 m)/62.4 ± 5.1 CON n = 19 (11 f, 8 m)/62.5 ± 5.6 |
Post-test vs. pre-test:
|
lt.and rt. PFC |
Wang et al. [79] | Healthy older adults n = 12 (8 f, 4 m)/64.25 ± 3.14 (60 - 68) |
Post-test vs. pre-test (after Tai-Chi intervention): - no significant differences between timepoints |
frontal cortex |
Xu et al. [96] | Obese young adults n = 31 (12 f, 19 m)/18.2 ± 3.2 |
Participants with higher weight reduction vs. participants with lower weight reduction: - ↑ oxyHb in lt. and rt. DLPFC, VLPFC; FPA during CT |
lt. and rt. DLPFC, VLPFC; FPA |
Cross-sectional studies | |||
Albinet et al. [13] | Healthy older adults n = 40 f/60-77 (low-fit group n = 17/high-fit group n = 17) |
High-fit group vs. low-fit group: - ↑ oxyHb in rt. DLPFC Low-fit group: - ↑ oxyHb in rt. DLPFC compared to lt. DLPFC Correlation between hemodynamic responses during CT and physical fitness:
|
lt. and rt. DLPFC |
Cameron et al. [118] | Healthy young adults n = 52 f/20.7 ± 2.3 |
Correlation between hemodynamic responses during CT and measures of physical activity or cognition:
|
rt. PFC |
Dupuy et al. [11] | Healthy younger adults n = 22 f/24.6 ± 3.6 (19-34) Healthy older adults n = 36 f/62.9 ± 5.4 (55-72) |
High-fit individuals vs. low-fit individuals:
|
lt. and rt., ant. and post. DLPFC and VLPFC |
Fabiani et al. [112] | Healthy, high-fit older adults n = 20 (11 f, 9 m)/70.3 ± 4.2 Healthy, low-fit older adults n = 24 (13 f, 11 m)/72.2 ± 5.2 |
High-fit older adults vs. low-fit older adults:
|
lt. and rt. occipital cortex |
Giles et al. [110] | Healthy young adults n = 74 (50 f, 24 m)/19.55 ± 0.27 |
Correlation between hemodynamic responses during CT and habitual exercise level:
|
ant. PFC and DLPFC |
Hyodo et al. [12] | Healthy older adults n = 60 m/70.3 ± 3.2 |
Correlation between hemodynamic responses during CT and physical fitness or cognition:
|
lt. and rt. DLPFC |
Kato et al. [104] | Healthy young adults n = 23 (10 f, 13 m)/22.0 ± 2.2 |
Correlation between hemodynamic responses during CT and measures of physical activity or sleep duration:
|
lt. and rt. frontal areas |
Makizako et al. [107] | Healthy older adults n = 20 (10 f, 10 m)/76.1 ± 6.7 (66-89) |
Group with high physical activity level vs. group with low physical activity level: - ↑ oxyHb in lt. and rt. IFG during CT |
lt. and rt. IFG |
Matsuda et al. [106] | Healthy young adults n = 40 (15 f, 25 m)/20.4 ± 1.1 |
Group with high physical activity level vs. group with low physical activity level:
|
lt. DLPFC |
Mücke et al. [103] | Healthy children n = 50 (24 f, 26 m)/10.6 ± 0.3 (low MVPA n = 20/high MVPA n = 30) |
Group with low MVPA vs. group with high MVPA:
|
lt. and rt. ant. PFC; lt. and rt. intermediate and md. frontal region |
Suhr and Chellenberg [10] | Healthy, older adults n = 22 (17 f, 5 m)/68.26 ± 8.39 (54-89) |
Correlation between hemodynamic response during CT and measures of physical activity or cognition:
|
lt. and rt. DLPFC |
Ant: anterior; AUC: area und the curve; BMB: Baduanjin Mind-Body Intervention; CON: control group; CPT-IP: continuous performance test-identical pairs; CT: cognitive testing; deoxyHb: deoxygenated hemoglobin; DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; f: female; FPA: frontopolar area; HC: healthy controls; HIA: high-intensity aerobic exercise; HIIT: high-intensity aerobic interval training; HIR; high-intensity resistance training; HP: high performer; IFG: inferior frontal gyrus; LP: low performer; lt.: left; m: male; MCT: moderate continuous aerobic training; md.: middle; MIC: moderate-intensity exercise combining resistance training and walking; min: minute; MVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; n = number of participants; oxyHb: oxygenated hemoglobin; PFC: prefrontal cortex; post.: posterior; PP: peak performance in exercise test; ROI: region of interest; ReT: resistance training; rt.: right; RT: reaction time; s: second; SD: standard deviation; SMA: supplementary motor area; THI: total hemoglobin index; TIA: patients with transient ischemic attack; TOI (or rSO2): tissue oxygenation index; totHb: total hemoglobin; VLPFC: ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; VO2 max/VO2 peak: maximal oxygen uptake; vs.: versus; VT: ventilatory threshold; ↑: significant increase; ↓: significant decrease / 1 In right-side dominant participants the probe is placed over right prefrontal cortex while in left-side dominant participants the probe is placed over left prefrontal cortex. / 2 Responders are participants who showed improved task performance in cognitive testing conducted at 5 min after cycling. Non-responder showed no significant improvement in cognitive functions after performing the acute bout of cycling.