Table 3.
The significant variables for new-onset DM after diagnosis of CKD in non–pre-existing DM patients (n = 11459).
| Variables | Crude HR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted HR † (95% CI) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at diagnosis of CKD (years) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.0001 | 1.01 (1–1.01) | 0.022 |
| Gender, Male | 0.949 (0.84–1.07) | 0.387 | ||
| Monthly income | 0.893 (0.85–0.94) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 0.003 |
| Geographic location | ||||
| Northern | 1 | |||
| Central | 0.976 (0.83–1.15) | 0.764 | ||
| Southern | 1.042 (0.91–1.19) | 0.548 | ||
| Eastern | 1 (0.65–1.53) | 0.999 | ||
| Comorbidities within 1 year before the index date | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.532 (1.35–1.74) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.18–1.55) | <0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.432 (1.26–1.63) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.2–1.55) | <0.0001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.425 (1.24–1.63) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.03–1.37) | 0.016 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.4 (1.17–1.67) | <0.001 | ||
| Stroke | 1.207 (1.01–1.44) | 0.038 | ||
| Rheumatoid disease | 0.684 (0.44–1.06) | 0.092 | ||
| Cancer | 0.904 (0.7–1.18) | 0.453 | ||
| COPD | 1.276 (1.08–1.51) | 0.005 | ||
| Charlson comorbidity index | 1.069 (1.03–1.11) | <0.001 | ||
| Long-term medication use | ||||
| ACEI/ARB | 1.285 (1.13–1.46) | <0.001 | ||
| beta-blocker | 1.328 (1.17–1.51) | <0.001 | ||
| Diuretics | 1.338 (1.16–1.54) | <0.001 | ||
| Statin | 1.337 (1.14–1.57) | <0.001 | ||
| NSAIDs | 1.099 (0.92–1.31) | 0.285 | ||
| Pentoxifylline | 0.815 (0.59–1.13) | 0.222 | 0.7 (0.51–0.98) | 0.037 |
| Outpatient visit within 1 year before the index date (per 1 visit) | 1.006 (1–1.01) | <0.001 |
† adjusted HR was calculated from a cause-specific Cox model with a backward elimination procedure and variables with a p value < 0.3 in a univariate model were included in a multivariate model. Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; NSAID, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug.