Table 3.
Factors associated with multimorbidity.
| Variable | Two or More Comorbidities (vs. One or Fewer) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariable * | ||||
| OR (95 % CI) | p-Value | OR (95 % CI) | p-Value | ||
| Age (vs. 65+) | 1.560 (1.22–1.99) | <0.001 | 1.759 (1.34–2.30) | <0.001 | |
| Sex (male vs. female) | 0.944 (0.76–1.16) | 0.595 | 1.152 (0.88–1.49) | 0.289 | |
| Education status (vs. no formal or elementary school) | High school | 0.967 (0.76–1.21) | 0.774 | 1.089 (0.84–1.40) | 0.509 |
| College or higher | 0.825 (0.59–1.14) | 0.246 | 1.018 (0.71–1.45) | 0.923 | |
| Smoking (vs. non-smokers) | Current smoker | 1.616 (1.13–2.30) | 0.008 | 1.908 (1.29–2.81) | 0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 1.202 (0.92–1.56) | 0.168 | 1.270 (0.94–1.71) | 0.118 | |
| eGFR at study entry (mL/min per 1.73 m2, continuous) | 0.999 (0.99–1.00) | 0.798 | 0.998 (0.99–1.00) | 0.639 | |
| Proteinuria (vs. no proteinuria) | 1.405 (1.14–1.73) | 0.001 | 1.492 (1.20–1.84) | <0.001 | |
* Adjusted for old age, sex, education status, smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and proteinuria; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.